scholarly journals An Intrinsically Pressure Insensitive Low Cost Particle Number Diluter Featuring Flow Monitoring

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Bainschab ◽  
Alexander Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flow Sensor ◽  
Hypodermic Needle ◽  
Pressure Pulsations ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Sampling Flow Rate

We present a low cost Particle Number (PN) diluter including mass flow monitoring. The device consists of a commercial hypodermic needle, a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter. and a custom-made flow sensor. The flow sensor is used to monitor the diluter’s performance and enable in-time replacement of the low cost elements used. Neither the sampling flow rate nor the pressure drop drastically change the dilution factor introduced by the presented device. This makes the presented device especially useful for particle number measurements at positions close to the tailpipe of internal combustion engine powered vehicles, where aggravating, fast pressure pulsations complicate correct sampling.

Development of a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Hybrid SOFC/Internal Combustion Engine Power Generator

2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-03 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Rob Braun ◽  
Gus Floerchinger ◽  
David Wahlstrom ◽  
Neal P. Sullivan ◽  
Tyrone Vincent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Generator ◽  
Engine Power

STEAM: A Mobile Hydraulic System With Engine Integration

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Vukovic ◽  
Sebastian Sgro ◽  
Hubertus Murrenhoff
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total System ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Hydraulic Design ◽  
Displacement Pump

In recent years, research institutions worldwide have developed a number of new mobile hydraulic systems. Despite their improved energy efficiency, these systems have yet to gain market acceptance due to their related increase in component costs and decrease in robustness. At the Institute for Fluid Power Drives and Controls in Aachen, a new system for mobile machines, named STEAM (Steigerung der Energieeffizienz in der Arbeitshydraulik mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen), is being developed using inexpensive off-the-shelf components. The aim is to improve the total system efficiency by considering all the subsystems in the machine. This is done by integrating the internal combustion engine (ICE) into the hydraulic design process. By using a constant pressure system in combination with a low-cost fixed displacement pump the hydraulic system is designed to ensure the ICE experiences a constantly high load in a region of high efficiency, so-called point operation. To decrease the hydraulic losses incurred when supplying the linear actuators with flow, an additional intermediate pressure rail with independent metering edges is used. This enables various energy efficient discrete operating modes, including energy regeneration and recuperation.

Conceptual Design and Performance Analysis of Parallel Drive-Train for Hybrid Electric Motorcycle

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 782-787
Author(s):  
Sun Jie Teoh ◽  
Abu Bakar Rosli ◽  
Gan Leong Ming ◽  
Mustika Yasti
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Electric System ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
And Performance

Increasing numbers of motorcycles are causing urban source of unregulated pollutants which are hazardous to environment and human health. Hybrid electric motorcycle (HEM) could be a solution to the problem as the electric system operates at high efficiency, allow diversification of energy resources, zero local emission and work silently. A HEM with parallel drive-train configuration has better fuel economy but post complex drive-train. In this paper, a parallel drive-train is proposed where two numbers of one way clutch are used to isolate the power source components when operating at different speed. The parallel drive-train allows the control unit to utilize and manage the power sources efficiently by operating at various modes based on the driving requirement. Meantime, maximum torque is available in blended mode when the internal combustion engine and electric motor operate simultaneously. The proposed drive-train posts the advantages of being simple, low cost and ease for control design for a HEM.

scholarly journals UPDATING EMISSION FACTORS FOR IN-USE MOTORCYCLES FUELED BY GASOLINE, E5 AND E10 IN VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Pham Huu Tuyen ◽  
Pham Minh Tuan ◽  
Kazuhiro Yamamoto ◽  
Preechar Karin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Particulate Matter Emission ◽  
Long Time

Motorcycle is the most popular transportation means in Vietnam due to its low cost and flexibility. However, motorcycles emit substantial quantities of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and some amount of particulate matter. Emission factors for in-use motorcycles in Vietnam were studied and established quite a long time ago. The objective of this study is to update the emission factors, not only gaseous emissions but also particle number, for in-use motorcycles in Vietnam. Ten carbureted and electronic fuel injected motorcycles representative for in-use motorcycles were selected for investigation. Each motorcycle was fueled by conventional gasoline, E5 and E10 in turn, and was tested on a chassis dynamometer according to ECE R40 driving cycle. The gaseous emissions were sampled and determined by standard methods, while the particle number in exhaust gas was sampled by using the sampling system developed by Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam. The updated emission factors were then provided for carbureted motorcycles, EFI motorcycles and average motorcycle fleet in case of gasoline, E5 and E10 fueling.

Development of a High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Hybrid SOFC/Internal Combustion Engine Power Generator

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
Rob Braun ◽  
Gus Floerchinger ◽  
David Wahlstrom ◽  
Neal P. Sullivan ◽  
Tyrone Vincent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Generator ◽  
Engine Power

Development of a Novel High Efficiency, Low Cost Hybrid SOFC/Internal Combustion Engine Power Generator

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Robert J. Braun ◽  
Evan Reznicek ◽  
Chris Cadigan ◽  
Neal P Sullivan ◽  
Robert Danforth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Generator ◽  
Engine Power

Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
K.M. Hones ◽  
P. Sheldon ◽  
B.G. Yacobi ◽  
A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nonradiative Recombination ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

Improvement of Ti/RuO2–IrO2 Anode Lifetime and Electrocatalytical Properties by Using an Eco-Friendly Thermal Decomposition Method Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as Solvent

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlys Bezerra ◽  
Géssica Santos ◽  
Marilia Pupo ◽  
Maria Gomes ◽  
Ronaldo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Pechini Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Charge Transfer Resistance ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Service Lifetime

<p>Electrochemical oxidation processes are promising solutions for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency, easy control and versatility. Mixed metal oxides (MMO) anodes are particularly attractive due to their low cost and specific catalytic properties. Here, we propose an innovative thermal decomposition methodology using <a>polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)</a> as a solvent to prepare Ti/RuO<sub>2</sub>–IrO<sub>2</sub> anodes. Comparative anodes were prepared by conventional method employing a polymeric precursor solvent (Pechini method). The calcination temperatures studied were 300, 400 and 500 °C. The physical characterisation of all materials was performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, while electrochemical characterisation was done by cyclic voltammetry, accelerated service lifetime and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both RuO<sub>2</sub> and IrO<sub>2</sub> have rutile-type structures for all anodes. Rougher and more compact surfaces are formed for the anodes prepared using PVA. Amongst temperatures studied, 300 °C using PVA as solvent is the most suitable one to produce anodes with expressive increase in voltammetric charge (250%) and accelerated service lifetime (4.3 times longer) besides reducing charge-transfer resistance (8 times lower). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of the anodes synthesised with PVA toward the Reactive Blue 21 dye removal in chloride medium (100 % in 30 min) is higher than that prepared by Pechini method (60 min). Additionally, the removal total organic carbon point out improved mineralisation potential of PVA anodes. Finally, this study reports a novel methodology using PVA as solvent to synthesise Ti/RuO<sub>2</sub>–IrO<sub>2</sub> anodes with improved properties that can be further extended to synthesise other MMO compositions.</p>

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