scholarly journals Air Quality Planning and the Minimization of Negative Externalities

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ravina ◽  
Deborah Panepinto ◽  
Mariachiara Zanetti
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Quality Planning ◽  
Air Quality Planning ◽  
The Impact

The minimization of negative externalities is a key aspect in the development of a circular and sustainable economic model. At the local scale, especially in urban areas, externalities are generated by the adverse impacts of air pollution on human health. Local air quality policies and plans often lack of considerations and instruments for the quantification and evaluation of external health costs. Support for decision-makers is needed, in particular during the implementation stage of air quality plans. Modelling tools based on the impact pathway approach can provide such support. In this paper, the implementation of health impacts and externalities analysis in air quality planning is evaluated. The state of the art in European member states is reported, considering whether and how health effects have been included in the planning schemes. The air quality plan of the Piemonte region in Italy is then considered. A case study is analyzed to evaluate a plan action, i.e., the development of the district heating system in the city of Turin. The DIATI (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture) Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM model) is applied to detect the scenario with the highest external cost reduction. This methodology results are extensible and adaptable to other actions and measures, as well as other local policies in Europe. The use of health externalities should be encouraged and integrated into the present methodology supporting air quality planning. Efforts should be addressed to quantify and minimize the overall uncertainty of the process.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Future Fluctuating Energy Consumption on a District Heating System: Case Study of Omsk and Krasnoyarsk Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-562
Author(s):  
Stanislav Chicherin ◽  
Andrey Zhuikov ◽  
Mikhail Kolosov ◽  
Lyazzat Junussova ◽  
Madina Aliyarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Temperature difference between supply and return distribution medium (water) is a vital factor when assessing the efficiency of a district heating (DH) substation. An accounting for fluctuations and differences of the heat consumption/generation is the key problem in planning DH system operation. The influence of the fluctuating energy consumption on a DH system was studied with actual data, using the DH systems of the Russian cities Krasnoyarsk and Omsk as a case study. Information is visualized in the form of graphs and charts, orderly and clearly comparing certain points. The data includes supply and return temperatures, and heat demand. Clearly visible state of high return temperatures induces more bottleneck problems as the flow increases. At the same time, in 2019, the total heat demand was 21 008 MW. This is more than 5 % than in 2020, assuming 100 % of consumers connected. The reasons for this trend are: decreasing total housing area, no incentive for the buildings in newly built-up areas to be connected to the DH system, poor service motivating business facilities to disconnect from the system. When the primary energy consumption related to the warmer climate and behaviour of business sector decreases, the DH system requires renovation. It is possible to reduce network return temperature during some months of the year. The reason is that, a high temperature difference is essential to maintain high efficiency and minimize fuel and pumping cost, it also enables more customers to be connected to a DH system without increasing pipe dimensions of a network.

scholarly journals Small Nuclear Reactor—Nordic District Heating Case Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Teräsvirta ◽  
Sanna Syri ◽  
Pauli Hiltunen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Micro Reactors ◽  
Financial Impacts

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been recognized to have potential in decarbonizing district heating, which is currently an urgent sustainability challenge in many European countries. In this paper, the financial impacts of replacing peat and biomass-powered Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants with heat-only reactors of 24–200 MW power range and maximum output temperatures of 120 °C are studied. A district heating system of a medium-sized Nordic city in Eastern Finland is modeled with EnergyPRO computer software (EMD International A/S, Aalborg, Denmark), which is used to optimize plant units’ production for cost effectiveness. A future scenario is used to predict electricity prices, expenditures from CO2 emission allowances, and fuel prices for the studied case. Results show that the low operating expenditures of CO2 free heat-only reactors would compensate for the revenue losses from electricity sales and that a small number of micro reactors, with power output in the tens of megawatts range each, would be optimal for the studied case. Since investment cost estimates for SMRs still bear significant uncertainties, the subject should be followed in further studies, as heat-only SMRs could provide a profitable alternative for current CHP production in the future.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Improvement of Large District Heating Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Volkova ◽  
Vladislav Mashatin ◽  
Aleksander Hlebnikov ◽  
Andres Siirde
Keyword(s):  
Heat Generation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Effective Operation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Heating Networks

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to offer a methodology for the evaluation of large district heating networks. The methodology includes an analysis of heat generation and distribution based on the models created in the TERMIS and EnergyPro software Data from the large-scale Tallinn district heating system was used for the approbation of the proposed methodology as a basis of the case study. The effective operation of the district heating system, both at the stage of heat generation and heat distribution, can reduce the cost of heat supplied to the consumers. It can become an important factor for increasing the number of district heating consumers and demand for the heat load, which in turn will allow installing new cogeneration plants, using renewable energy sources and heat pump technologies

scholarly journals The use of substations with PCM heat accumulators in district heating system

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 01002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Nogaj ◽  
Michał Turski ◽  
Robert Sekret
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Determination Of Parameters ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of the article is to indicate the directions of development of new generations of supplying buildings with heat, by using phase change materials, referring to the technical possibilities of applying available heat storage technologies. As a detailed objective of the work, the determination of the impact of using a PCM accumulator on the temperature of the heat carrier on the return in the substation of the district heating system was adopted. Range work included determination of parameters of heat distribution network as a function of outdoor air temperature range of -20°C to +12°C. As the analysis object, the heat substation has been selected with the following parameters: supply 80°C and return 60°C. It was found that thanks to the use of PCM accumulators on heat substations, it is possible to save energy by up to approx. 6.7% and achieve economic benefits in the form of a payback period of approx. 13 years. In addition, it was found that the introduction of the PCM accumulator into the heating system allows the return temperature in the heating network to be obtained at a temperature level consistent with the adopted control table for external temperatures of the standard heating season.

scholarly journals APLICATION OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF CONSUMER CONNECTION TO DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol XXVIII (4) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Corina Chelmenciuc ◽  
◽  
Constantin Borosan ◽  
Vadim Lisnic ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
District Heating Systems

Nowadays, both globally and in Europe, and nationally, there is a tendency to promote district heating systems to the detriment of individual ones to heat dwellings in urban areas. The need to develop the DHSs is indisputable considering the topicality of global warming, the depletion of the primary energy resources and the energy efficiency trend. This article presents the method of applying regression analysis in feasibility studies for the projects of new heat consumers connection to the district heating system (hereinafter – DHS) or previously disconnected consumers reconnection via individual heating points (hereinafter – IHP) when the necessary investments are to be borne by the DHS operator, and the thermal energy is produced in cogeneration. At the same time, it is demonstrated that there is a direct and linear correlation between fuel consumption and electricity and heat produced in cogeneration at CHP plant.

scholarly journals Impact of Domestic Hot Water Systems on District Heating Temperatures

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4694
Author(s):  
Tina Lidberg ◽  
Thomas Olofsson ◽  
Louise Ödlund
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
The Impact

When buildings become more energy effective, the temperature levels of district heating systems need to be lower to decrease the losses from the distribution system and to keep district heating a competitive alternative on the heating market. For this reason, buildings that are refurbished need to be adapted to suit low-temperature district heating. The aim of this paper is to examine whether four different energy refurbishment packages (ERPs) can be used for lowering the temperature need of a multi-family buildings space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) system as well as to analyse the impact of the DHW circulation system on the return temperature. The results show that for all ERPs examined in this study, the space heating supply temperature agreed well with the temperature levels of a low-temperature district heating system. The results show that the temperature need of the DHW system will determine the supply temperature of the district heating system. In addition, the amount of days with heating demand decreases for all ERPs, which further increases the influence of the DHW system on the district heating system. In conclusion, the DHW system needs to be improved to enable the temperature levels of a low-temperature district heating system.

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