scholarly journals The Impact of the Future Fluctuating Energy Consumption on a District Heating System: Case Study of Omsk and Krasnoyarsk Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-562
Author(s):  
Stanislav Chicherin ◽  
Andrey Zhuikov ◽  
Mikhail Kolosov ◽  
Lyazzat Junussova ◽  
Madina Aliyarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Temperature difference between supply and return distribution medium (water) is a vital factor when assessing the efficiency of a district heating (DH) substation. An accounting for fluctuations and differences of the heat consumption/generation is the key problem in planning DH system operation. The influence of the fluctuating energy consumption on a DH system was studied with actual data, using the DH systems of the Russian cities Krasnoyarsk and Omsk as a case study. Information is visualized in the form of graphs and charts, orderly and clearly comparing certain points. The data includes supply and return temperatures, and heat demand. Clearly visible state of high return temperatures induces more bottleneck problems as the flow increases. At the same time, in 2019, the total heat demand was 21 008 MW. This is more than 5 % than in 2020, assuming 100 % of consumers connected. The reasons for this trend are: decreasing total housing area, no incentive for the buildings in newly built-up areas to be connected to the DH system, poor service motivating business facilities to disconnect from the system. When the primary energy consumption related to the warmer climate and behaviour of business sector decreases, the DH system requires renovation. It is possible to reduce network return temperature during some months of the year. The reason is that, a high temperature difference is essential to maintain high efficiency and minimize fuel and pumping cost, it also enables more customers to be connected to a DH system without increasing pipe dimensions of a network.

scholarly journals Air Quality Planning and the Minimization of Negative Externalities

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ravina ◽  
Deborah Panepinto ◽  
Mariachiara Zanetti
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Quality Planning ◽  
Air Quality Planning ◽  
The Impact

The minimization of negative externalities is a key aspect in the development of a circular and sustainable economic model. At the local scale, especially in urban areas, externalities are generated by the adverse impacts of air pollution on human health. Local air quality policies and plans often lack of considerations and instruments for the quantification and evaluation of external health costs. Support for decision-makers is needed, in particular during the implementation stage of air quality plans. Modelling tools based on the impact pathway approach can provide such support. In this paper, the implementation of health impacts and externalities analysis in air quality planning is evaluated. The state of the art in European member states is reported, considering whether and how health effects have been included in the planning schemes. The air quality plan of the Piemonte region in Italy is then considered. A case study is analyzed to evaluate a plan action, i.e., the development of the district heating system in the city of Turin. The DIATI (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture) Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM model) is applied to detect the scenario with the highest external cost reduction. This methodology results are extensible and adaptable to other actions and measures, as well as other local policies in Europe. The use of health externalities should be encouraged and integrated into the present methodology supporting air quality planning. Efforts should be addressed to quantify and minimize the overall uncertainty of the process.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Generation Scenarios Using 3D Urban Modeling Tools—Methodology for Heat Pump and Co-Generation Systems with Case Study Application †

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Weiler ◽  
Jonas Stave ◽  
Ursula Eicker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Chp System

In the paper, a method was developed to automatically dimensionalize and calculate central energy generation and supply scenarios with a district heating system for cities based on 3D building models in the CityGML format and their simulated heat demand. In addition, the roof geometry of every individual building is used to model photovoltaic energy generation potential. Two types of supply systems, namely a central heat pump (HP) system and a large co-generation (combined heat and power-CHP) system (both with a central storage and district distribution system), are modeled to supply the heat demand of the area under investigation. Both energy generation models are applied to a case study town of 1610 buildings. For the HP scenario, it can be shown that the case study town’s heat demand can be covered by a monovalent, low-temperature system with storage, but that the PV only contributes 15% to the HP electricity requirement. For the CHP scenario, only 61% of the heat demand can be covered by the CHP, as it was designed for a minimum of 4000 operating hours. Both the PV and the CHP excess electricity are fully injected into the grid. As a result, the primary energy comparison of both systems strongly depends on the chosen primary energy factors (PEF): with given German regulations the CHP system performs better than the HP system, as the grid-injected electricity has a PEF of 2.8. In the future, with increasingly lower PEFs for electricity, the situation reverses, and HPs perform better, especially if the CHP continues to use natural gas. Even when renewable gas from a power to gas (P2G) process is used for the CHP, the primary energy balance of the HP system is better, because of high conversion losses in the P2G process.

scholarly journals HEAT DEMAND FOR HEATING APARTMENT BUILDINGS/GYVENAMŲJŲ NAMŲ FAKTINIO ŠILUMINĖS ENERGIJOS POREIKIO SULYGINIMAS SU PROJEKTINE ŠILDYMO SISTEMŲ GALIA

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-370
Author(s):  
Jūratė Karbauskaitė ◽  
Vytautas Stankevičius
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Consumption ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Heated Area ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Design Value

In this paper the results of statistic analysis of heat consumption in apartment heating systems for Lithuania are discussed. Kaunas district heating system data are used for the analysis. Total sum of buildings involved is about 1900, including 1550 with the average heated area of 4000 m2. It has been established that real heat consumption in apartment buildings is less than the design heat demand (Fig 1), especially in small buildings (Fig 2). The distribution of monthly differences is presented in Fig 3. The difference during months does not depend on average outdoor temperature, but it could be caused by temperature fluctuations and solar radiation. It is quite important to determine the reasons of different heat consumption in buildings. For this purpose 20 dwelling houses of various design and building period, with various energy consumption problems have been selected for more detailed energy audit. Volumes of external building elements, changes in destination of premises, heated area have been estimated as well as the state of heat supply sub-station equipment. According to the data obtained, the energy consumption was determined for standard month at mean indoor and outdoor climate values. The results are compared with real energy consumption in the selected buildings and design values. It has been established that the inadequacies in exceeded energy consumption over design values are mostly caused by incorrect heated area registration and premises destination change, in a less range by absence of maintenance, eg broken outside doors, damaged roofs etc. Energy consumption in dwelling houses with design indoor temperature and normal maintenance level usually is near to the design value or less up to 10%. In dwelling houses, in which energy consumption is defined as being of less design value, some energy saving measures are applied, eg temperature in spaces is lowered up to 16°C, about half of balconies are glassed, electric stoves for cooking are installed as additional heat source. Such apartment buildings, as a rule, do not have premises of other destination. By such means near 40% of heat is saved.

scholarly journals Small Nuclear Reactor—Nordic District Heating Case Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Teräsvirta ◽  
Sanna Syri ◽  
Pauli Hiltunen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Micro Reactors ◽  
Financial Impacts

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been recognized to have potential in decarbonizing district heating, which is currently an urgent sustainability challenge in many European countries. In this paper, the financial impacts of replacing peat and biomass-powered Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants with heat-only reactors of 24–200 MW power range and maximum output temperatures of 120 °C are studied. A district heating system of a medium-sized Nordic city in Eastern Finland is modeled with EnergyPRO computer software (EMD International A/S, Aalborg, Denmark), which is used to optimize plant units’ production for cost effectiveness. A future scenario is used to predict electricity prices, expenditures from CO2 emission allowances, and fuel prices for the studied case. Results show that the low operating expenditures of CO2 free heat-only reactors would compensate for the revenue losses from electricity sales and that a small number of micro reactors, with power output in the tens of megawatts range each, would be optimal for the studied case. Since investment cost estimates for SMRs still bear significant uncertainties, the subject should be followed in further studies, as heat-only SMRs could provide a profitable alternative for current CHP production in the future.

scholarly journals Advanced Control of a District Heating System with High Residential Domestic Hot Water Demand

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 01004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Chicherin ◽  
Lyazzat Junussova ◽  
Timur Junussov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Extreme Load ◽  
Flow Controller

Proper adjustment of domestic hot water (DHW) load structure can balance energy demand with the supply. Inefficiency in primary energy use prompted Omsk DH company to be a strong proponent of a flow controller at each substation. Here the return temperature is fixed to the lowest possible value and the supply temperature is solved. Thirty-five design scenarios are defined for each load deviation index with equally distributed outdoor temperature ranging from +8 for the start of a heating season towards extreme load at temperature of -26°C. All the calculation results are listed. If a flow controller is installed, the customers might find it suitable to switch to this type of DHW supply. Considering an option with direct hot water extraction as usual and a flow controller installed, the result indicates that the annual heat consumption will be lower once network temperatures during the fall or spring months are higher. The heat load profiles obtained here may be used as input for a simulation of a DH substation, including a heat pump and a tank for thermal energy storage. This design approach offers a quantitative way of sizing temperature levels in each DH system according to the listed methodology and the designer's preference.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Improvement of Large District Heating Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Volkova ◽  
Vladislav Mashatin ◽  
Aleksander Hlebnikov ◽  
Andres Siirde
Keyword(s):  
Heat Generation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Effective Operation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Heating Networks

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to offer a methodology for the evaluation of large district heating networks. The methodology includes an analysis of heat generation and distribution based on the models created in the TERMIS and EnergyPro software Data from the large-scale Tallinn district heating system was used for the approbation of the proposed methodology as a basis of the case study. The effective operation of the district heating system, both at the stage of heat generation and heat distribution, can reduce the cost of heat supplied to the consumers. It can become an important factor for increasing the number of district heating consumers and demand for the heat load, which in turn will allow installing new cogeneration plants, using renewable energy sources and heat pump technologies

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