Remotely-Observed Early Spring Warming in the Southwestern Yellow Sea Due to Weakened Winter Monsoon

The seasonal warming over the southwestern Yellow Sea (YS) in the spring is of vital importance to the local ecologic environment, especially to the massive green algae blooms of the YS in late spring and early summer. Based on daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (SST) data consisting of satellite derived SST from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and in situ measurements, this study analyzed the spring SST variation over the southwestern YS (SWYS) from 1982 to 2018. The results show that the recent warming trend of spring SST over the SWYS is four-to-six times that of the global average, and as a result, sea water over the Subei Shoal (SBS) shifts about 10–13 days earlier to reach 10 °C in early April. This implies that, accordingly, the micro-propagules of green algae over the SBS may have the chance to germinate earlier. SST variability in early April significantly correlates with northerly wind and exhibits a general warming over the SWYS with an intensified warming anchored along the axis of the submarine canyon off the Yangtze estuary. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) red–green–blue composite images captured the intrusion of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) into the SWYS through the submarine canyon during northerly wind relaxation in early April. Ocean remote sensing provides important clues for understanding the regional SST variability in the SWYS. Following this clue, this study finds that the weakening of winter monsoon in the spring leads to northward migration of the TWC and results in enhanced spring warming over the SWYS. The attendant advanced warming in spring, resulting in a favorable temperature condition for early development of green alga, may have contributed to the green tide blooms in the Yellow Sea in the recent decade.

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Tempo-spatial distribution and species diversity of green algae micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green tide development

Harmful Algae ◽

10.1016/j.hal.2014.05.013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 40-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Yan Li ◽

Wei Song ◽

Jie Xiao ◽

Zongling Wang ◽

Mingzhu Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Green Algae ◽

Yellow Sea ◽

Large Scale ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide

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Chemical control of overwintering green algae to mitigate green tide in the Yellow Sea

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112424 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 168 ◽

pp. 112424

Author(s):

Ning Gong ◽

Kuishuang Shao ◽

Kun Shen ◽

Yanbin Gu ◽

Yu'an Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Algae ◽

Yellow Sea ◽

Chemical Control ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide

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Adaptations of a green tide forming Ulva linza (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) to selected salinity and nutrients conditions mimicking representative environments in the Yellow Sea

Phycologia ◽

10.2216/15-67.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 210-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eun Ju Kang ◽

Ju-Hyoung Kim ◽

Keunyong Kim ◽

Kwang Young Kim

Keyword(s):

Yellow Sea ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide ◽

Ulva Linza

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Error analysis on Green Tide monitoring using MODIS data in the Yellow Sea based on GF-1 WFV data

10.1117/12.2235908 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Fuxiang Xu ◽

Zhiqiang Gao ◽

Jicai Ning ◽

Xiangyu Zheng ◽

Chaoshun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Error Analysis ◽

Yellow Sea ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide ◽

Modis Data

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The Yellow Sea green tide: A risk of macroalgae invasion

Harmful Algae ◽

10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jin Zhao ◽

Peng Jiang ◽

Ri Qiu ◽

Yingying Ma ◽

Chunhui Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Sea ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide ◽

Yellow Sea Green Tide

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Ulva prolifera green-tide outbreaks and their environmental impact in the Yellow Sea, China

National Science Review ◽

10.1093/nsr/nwz026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 825-838 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Yongyu Zhang ◽

Peimin He ◽

Hongmei Li ◽

Gang Li ◽

Jihua Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Sea ◽

Red Tide ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Ulva Prolifera ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide ◽

Biological Interactions ◽

Green Tides ◽

Carbon Cycles

Abstract The Ulva prolifera green tides in the Yellow Sea, China, which have been occurring since 2007, are a serious environmental problem attracting worldwide attention. Despite extensive research, the outbreak mechanisms have not been fully understood. Comprehensive analysis of anthropogenic and natural biotic and abiotic factors reveals that human activities, regional physicochemical conditions and algal physiological characteristics as well as ocean warming and biological interactions (with microorganism or other macroalgae) are closely related to the occurrence of green tides. Dynamics of these factors and their interactions could explain why green tides suddenly occurred in 2007 and decreased abruptly in 2017. Moreover, the consequence of green tides is serious. The decay of macroalgal biomass could result in hypoxia and acidification, possibly induce red tide and even have a long-lasting impact on coastal carbon cycles and the ecosystem. Accordingly, corresponding countermeasures have been proposed in our study for future reference in ecosystem management strategies and sustainable development policy.

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Spatiotemporal Patterns and Morphological Characteristics of Ulva prolifera Distribution in the Yellow Sea, China in 2016–2018

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11040445 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 445 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yingzhi Cao ◽

Yichen Wu ◽

Zhixiang Fang ◽

Xiaojian Cui ◽

Jianfeng Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Sea ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Ulva Prolifera ◽

Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide ◽

Sea Surface Wind

The world’s largest macroalgal blooms, Ulva prolifera, have appeared in the Yellow Sea every summer on different scales since 2007, causing great harm to the regional marine economy. In this study, the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) index was used to extract the green tide of Ulva prolifera from MODIS images in the Yellow Sea in 2016–2018, to investigate its spatiotemporal patterns and to calculate its occurrence probability. Using the standard deviational ellipse (SDE), the morphological characteristics of the green tide, including directionality and regularity, were analyzed. The results showed that the largest distribution and coverage areas occurred in 2016, with 57,384 km2 and 2906 km2, respectively and that the total affected region during three years was 163,162 km2. The green tide drifted northward and died out near Qingdao, Shandong Province, which was found to be a high-risk region. The coast of Jiangsu Province was believed to be the source of Ulva prolifera, but it was probably not the only one. The regularity of the boundary shape of the distribution showed a change that was opposite to the variation of scale. Several sharp increases were found in the parameters of the SDE in all three years. In conclusion, the overall situation of Ulva prolifera was still severe in recent years, and the sea area near Qingdao became the worst hit area of the green tide event. It was also shown that the sea surface wind played an important part in its migration and morphological changes.

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Remote sensing of early-stage green tide in the Yellow Sea for floating-macroalgae collecting campaign

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.035 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 133 ◽

pp. 150-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Qianguo Xing ◽

Lingling Wu ◽

Liqiao Tian ◽

Tingwei Cui ◽

Lin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Yellow Sea ◽

Early Stage ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Green Tide

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Bacillus hwajinpoensis sp. nov. and an unnamed Bacillus genomospecies, novel members of Bacillus rRNA group 6 isolated from sea water of the East Sea and the Yellow Sea in Korea

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.02678-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 803-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Jung-Hoon Yoon ◽

In-Gi Kim ◽

Kook Hee Kang ◽

Tae-Kwang Oh ◽

Yong-Ha Park

Keyword(s):

16S Rdna ◽

Yellow Sea ◽

Sea Water ◽

Diaminopimelic Acid ◽

East Sea ◽

The Yellow Sea ◽

Phenotypic Properties ◽

Rdna Sequences ◽

16S Rdna Sequences ◽

Group 6

Two Gram-positive or -variable, endospore-forming, slightly halophilic strains (SW-72T and SW-93) were isolated from sea water of the East Sea and the Yellow Sea in Korea, respectively, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study. Both strains had cell-wall peptidoglycan that was based on meso-diaminopimelic acid and MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The two strains contained large amounts of saturated and branched fatty acids, with anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C contents of strains SW-72T and SW-93 were 40·9 and 41·0 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strains SW-72T and SW-93 fall within the radiation of the cluster that comprises members of the genus Bacillus, particularly Bacillus rRNA group 6. There were five nucleotide differences between the 16S rDNA sequences of strains SW-72T and SW-93. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strains SW-72T and SW-93 was 21·5 %. Strains SW-72T and SW-93 showed 93·1–95·2 % 16S rDNA sequence similarity to the type strains of Bacillus species that are assigned to rRNA group 6. Strains SW-72T and SW-93 could not be differentiated clearly by using their phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogeny and genomic data, it is proposed that strain SW-72T (=KCCM 41641T=JCM 11807T) should be placed in the genus Bacillus as the type strain of a novel species, Bacillus hwajinpoensis sp. nov., and that strain SW-93 (=KCCM 41640=JCM 11806) should be placed in the genus Bacillus as an unnamed Bacillus genomospecies.

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