Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island

Stromboli is an active insular volcano located in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea and its recent volcanic activity is mostly confined within the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, hereafter), a 2-km wide subaerial–submarine collapse scar, which morphologically dominates the NW flank of the edifice. In August-November 2014, an effusive eruption occurred along the steep SdF slope, with multiple lava flows reaching the sea. The integration of multisensor remote sensing data, including lidar, photogrammetric, bathymetric surveys coupled with SAR amplitude images collected before and after the 2014 eruption enabled to reconstruct the dynamics of the lava flows through the main morphological changes of the whole SdF slope. Well-defined and steep-sided ridges were created by lava flows during the early stages of the eruption, when effusion rates were high, favoring the penetration into the sea of lava flows as coherent bodies. Differently, fan-shaped features were emplaced during the declining stage of the eruption or in relation to lava overflows and associated gravel flows, suggesting the prevalence of volcaniclastic breccias with respect to coherent lava flows. The estimated volume of eruptive products emplaced on the SdF slope during the 2014 eruption, accounts for about 3.7 × 106 m3, 18% of which is in the submarine setting. This figure is different with respect to the previous 2007 eruption at Stromboli, when a large lava submarine delta formed. This discrepancy can be mainly related to the different elevation of the main vents feeding lava flows during the 2007 eruption (around 400 m) and the 2014 eruption (around 650 m). Besides slope accretion, instability processes were detected both in the subaerial and submarine SdF slope. Submarine slope failure mobilized at least 6 × 105 m3 of volcaniclastic material, representing the largest instability event detected since the 2007 lava delta emplacement.

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Kinematic significance of mingling-rolling structures in lava flows: a case study from Porri Volcano (Salina, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

Bulletin of Volcanology ◽

10.1007/s004450050199 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 394-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Guido Ventura

Keyword(s):

Lava Flows ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

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Numerical simulation of the tsunamis generated by the Sciara del Fuoco landslides (Stromboli Island, Italy)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54949-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Fornaciai ◽

M. Favalli ◽

L. Nannipieri

Keyword(s):

Wave Propagation ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Submarine Landslides ◽

Tsunami Propagation ◽

Boussinesq Model ◽

Tsunami Waves ◽

Aeolian Arc ◽

Hydrostatic Model ◽

Southern Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Sciara Del Fuoco

AbstractStromboli volcano (Aeolian Arc, Italy) experiences many mass failures along the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) scar, which frequently trigger tsunamis of various sizes. In this work, we simulate tsunami waves generated by landslides occurring in the SdF through numerical simulations carried out in two steps: (i) the tsunami triggering, wave propagation and the effects on Stromboli are simulated using the 3D non-hydrostatic model NHWAVE; (ii) generated train waves are then input into the 2D Boussinesq model FUNWAVE-TVD to simulate wave propagation in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (STS). We simulated the following scenarios: (i) the tsunami runup, inland inundation and wave propagation at Stromboli triggered by submarine landslides with volumes of 6, 10, 15 and 20 × 106 m3 and subaerial landslides with volumes of 4, 6, 10 and 30 × 106 m3; (ii) tsunami propagation in the STS triggered by submarine landslides with volumes of 10 and 15 × 106 m3 and by subaerial landslides with volumes of 6 and 30 × 106 m3. We estimate that the damages of the last relevant tsunami at Stromboli, which occurred in 2002, could have been generated either by a subaqueous failure of about 15–20 × 106 m3 along the SdF or/and a subaerial failure of about 4–6 × 106 m3. The coasts most affected by this phenomenon are not necessarily located near the failure, because the bathymetry and topography can dramatically increase the waves heights locally. Tsunami waves are able to reach the first Stromboli populated beaches in just over 1 minute and the harbour in less than 7 minutes. After about 30 minutes the whole Aeolian Arc would be impacted by maximum tsunami waves. After 1 hour and 20 minutes, waves would encompass the whole STS arriving at Capri.

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Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12030438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 438 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Federico Di Traglia ◽

Alessandro Fornaciai ◽

Massimiliano Favalli ◽

Teresa Nolesini ◽

Nicola Casagli

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Geomorphological Evolution ◽

Sentinel 2 ◽

Sciara Del Fuoco

The geomorphological evolution of the volcanic Island of Stromboli (Italy) between July 2010 and June 2019 has been reconstructed by using multi-temporal, multi-platform remote sensing data. Digital elevation models (DEMs) from PLÉIADES-1 tri-stereo images and from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) acquisitions allowed for topographic changes estimation. Data were comprised of high-spatial-resolution (QUICKBIRD) and moderate spatial resolution (SENTINEL-2) satellite images that allowed for the mapping of areas that were affected by major lithological and morphological changes. PLÉIADES tri-stereo and LiDAR DEMs have been quantitatively and qualitatively compared and, although there are artefacts in the smaller structures (e.g., ridges and valleys), there is still a clear consistency between the two DEMs for the larger structures (as the main valleys and ridges). The period between July 2010 and May 2012 showed only minor changes consisting of volcanoclastic sedimentation and some overflows outside the crater. Otherwise, between May 2012 and May 2017, large topographic changes occurred that were related to the emplacement of the 2014 lava flow in the NE part of the Sciara del Fuoco and to the accumulation of a volcaniclastic wedge in the central part of the Sciara del Fuoco. Between 2017 and 2019, minor changes were again detected due to small accumulation next to the crater terrace and the erosion in lower Sciara del Fuoco.

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The strain path and emplacement mechanism of lava flows: an example from Salina (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

Earth and Planetary Science Letters ◽

10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00299-0 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 188 (1-2) ◽

pp. 229-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guido Ventura

Keyword(s):

Strain Path ◽

Lava Flows ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Emplacement Mechanism ◽

Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

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Diurnal Nesting of Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) in Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

Russian Journal of Herpetology ◽

10.30906/1026-2296-2019-25-2-151-153 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

Gianni Insacco ◽

Filippo Spadola ◽

Bruno Zava

Keyword(s):

Caretta Caretta ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

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Reconstruction of river valley evolution before and after the emplacement of the giant Seymareh rock avalanche (Zagros Mts., Iran)

Earth Surface Dynamics ◽

10.5194/esurf-7-929-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 929-947 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michele Delchiaro ◽

Marta Della Seta ◽

Salvatore Martino ◽

Maryam Dehbozorgi ◽

Reza Nozaem

Keyword(s):

Slope Failure ◽

Rock Avalanche ◽

Evolutionary Model ◽

River Valley ◽

Time To Failure ◽

Stress Release ◽

Seismic Triggering ◽

Rock Creep ◽

Before And After

Abstract. The Seymareh landslide, detached ∼10 ka from the northeastern flank of the Kabir-kuh fold (Zagros Mts., Iran), is recognized worldwide as the largest rock slope failure (44 Gm3) ever recorded on the exposed Earth surface. Detailed studies have been performed that have described the landslide mechanism and different scenarios have been proposed for explaining the induced landscape changes. The purpose of this study is to provide still missing time constraints on the evolution of the Seymareh River valley, before and after the emplacement of the Seymareh landslide, to highlight the role of geomorphic processes both as predisposing factors and as response to the landslide debris emplacement. We used optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to date lacustrine and fluvial terrace sediments, whose plano-altimetric distribution has been correlated to the detectable knickpoints along the Seymareh River longitudinal profile, allowing the reconstruction of the evolutionary model of the fluvial valley. We infer that the knickpoint migration along the main river and the erosion wave propagation upstream through the whole drainage network caused the stress release and the ultimate failure of the rock mass involved in the landslide. We estimated that the stress release activated a mass rock creep (MRC) process with gravity-driven deformation processes occurring over an elapsed time-to-failure value on the order of 102 kyr. We estimated also that the Seymareh damming lake persisted for ∼3500 years before starting to empty ∼6.6 ka due to lake overflow. A sedimentation rate of 10 mm yr−1 was estimated for the lacustrine deposits, which increased up to 17 mm yr−1 during the early stage of lake emptying due to the increased sediment yield from the lake tributaries. We calculated an erosion rate of 1.8 cm yr−1 since the initiation of dam breaching by the Seymareh River, which propagated through the drainage system up to the landslide source area. The evolutionary model of the Seymareh River valley can provide the necessary constraints for future stress–strain numerical modeling of the landslide slope to reproduce the MRC and demonstrate the possible role of seismic triggering in prematurely terminating the creep-controlled time-to-failure pathway for such an extremely large case study.

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