scholarly journals Q-LBR: Q-Learning Based Load Balancing Routing for UAV-Assisted VANET

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5685
Author(s):  
Bong-Soo Roh ◽  
Myoung-Hun Han ◽  
Jae-Hyun Ham ◽  
Ki-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Hoc Networks

Although various unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted routing protocols have been proposed for vehicular ad hoc networks, few studies have investigated load balancing algorithms to accommodate future traffic growth and deal with complex dynamic network environments simultaneously. In particular, owing to the extended coverage and clear line-of-sight relay link on a UAV relay node (URN), the possibility of a bottleneck link is high. To prevent problems caused by traffic congestion, we propose Q-learning based load balancing routing (Q-LBR) through a combination of three key techniques, namely, a low-overhead technique for estimating the network load through the queue status obtained from each ground vehicular node by the URN, a load balancing scheme based on Q-learning and a reward control function for rapid convergence of Q-learning. Through diverse simulations, we demonstrate that Q-LBR improves the packet delivery ratio, network utilization and latency by more than 8, 28 and 30%, respectively, compared to the existing protocol.

scholarly journals Efficient RSU Selection Approaches for Load Balancing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Chi-Fu Huang ◽  
Jyun-Hao Jhang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Hoc Networks

Due to advances in wireless communication technologies, wireless transmissions gradually replace traditional wired data transmissions. In recent years, vehicles on the move can also enjoy the convenience of wireless communication technologies by assisting each other in message exchange and form an interconnecting network, namely Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In a VANET, each vehicle is capable of communicating with nearby vehicles and accessing information provided by the network. There are two basic communication models in VANETs, V2V and V2I. Vehicles equipped with wireless transceiver can communicate with other vehicles (V2V) or roadside units (RSUs) (V2I). RSUs acting as gateways are entry points to the Internet for vehicles. Naturally, vehicles tend to choose nearby RSUs as serving gateways. However, due to uneven density distribution and high mobility nature of vehicles, load imbalance of RSUs can happen. In this paper, we study the RSU load-balancing problem and propose two solutions. In the first solution, the whole network is divided into sub-regions based on RSUs’ locations. A RSU provides Internet access for vehicles in its sub-region and the boundaries between sub-regions change dynamically to adopt to load migration. In the second solution, vehicles choose their serving RSUs distributedly by taking their future trajectories and RSUs’ loading information into considerations. From simulation results, the proposed methods can improve packet delivery ratio, packet delay, and load balance among RSUs.

scholarly journals W-GPCR Routing Method for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Zhiru Gu ◽  
Yonghong Long ◽  
Xiaohua Shu ◽  
Qing Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Local Optimum ◽  
Hoc Networks

The high-speed dynamics of nodes and rapid change of network topology in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) pose significant challenges for the design of routing protocols. Because of the unpredictability of VANETs, selecting the appropriate next-hop relay node, which is related to the performance of the routing protocol, is a difficult task. As an effective solution for VANETs, geographic routing has received extensive attention in recent years. The Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR) protocol is a widely adopted position-based routing protocol. In this paper, to improve the performance in sparse networks, the local optimum, and the routing loop in the GPCR protocol, the Weighted-GPCR (W-GPCR) protocol is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between vehicle node routing and other parameters, such as the Euclidean distance between node pairs, driving direction, and density, is analyzed. Secondly, the composite parameter weighted model is established and the calculation method is designed for the existing routing problems; the weighted parameter ratio is selected adaptively in different scenarios, so as to obtain the optimal next-hop relay node. In order to verify the performance of the W-GPCR method, the proposed method is compared with existing methods, such as the traditional Geographic Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol and GPCR. Results show that this method is superior in terms of the package delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and average hop count.

Design and Development of Secured Framework for Efficient Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 615-633
Author(s):  
Mamata Rath ◽  
Bibudhendu Pati ◽  
Binod Kumar Pattanayak
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Denial Of Service Attack ◽  
Service Attack ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Smart Traffic

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

scholarly journals Spectrum-Aware Geographic Routing in Cognitive Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Using a Kalman Filter

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ghafoor ◽  
Insoo Koo
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The One

We propose a position-based routing protocol for cognitive radio vehicular ad hoc networks (CR-VANETs) using aKalmanfilter algorithm. The protocol first selects an idle channel from among all the channels available to a vehicle while moving on a straight road and then finds the best relay node to deliver the packet to the destination. The selection of a relay node is done by dividing the vehicular transmission range into five regions, and then the source/relay node selects the one that is in the region having a higher preference than other regions. Communication between two vehicles occurs only when both the vehicles are on the same channel. Delay may increase while sensing the channel and selecting the relay node. To reduce the delay, we use aKalmanfilter to predict the future positions of all moving vehicles in the network. We consider vehicle-to-vehicle communication and compare our protocol for different probabilities of primary user being idle. Our proposed protocol shows improvement in both packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

Design and Development of Secured Framework for Efficient Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamata Rath ◽  
Bibudhendu Pati ◽  
Binod Kumar Pattanayak
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Denial Of Service Attack ◽  
Service Attack ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Smart Traffic

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

scholarly journals A STOCHASTIC MOBILE DATA TRAFFIC MODEL FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smys S ◽  
Jennifer S. Raj
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Model ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Hoc Networks

Routing and mobile data traffic management is a major performance affecting issue in vehicular Ad Hoc networks (VANET). High-rise structures and such radio obstacles cause trouble in proper reception of signals when position-based routing schemes are used. Other major challenges include constrained mobility and irregular distribution of vehicular nodes. A stochastic mobile data traffic model is presented in this paper. This model offers security, reliability, safety and comfort for driving by overcoming the problems of traffic congestion, interference and jamming. It also addresses the handover (HO) issue that occurs during fast mobility. Along with this, the quality parameters of the system such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and delay are also evaluated.

Modified fuzzy-based greedy routing protocol for VANETs

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8357-8364
Author(s):  
Thompson Stephan ◽  
Ananthnarayan Rajappa ◽  
K.S. Sendhil Kumar ◽  
Shivang Gupta ◽  
Achyut Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Greedy Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is the most growing research area in wireless communication and has been gaining significant attention over recent years due to its role in designing intelligent transportation systems. Wireless multi-hop forwarding in VANETs is challenging since the data has to be relayed as soon as possible through the intermediate vehicles from the source to destination. This paper proposes a modified fuzzy-based greedy routing protocol (MFGR) which is an enhanced version of fuzzy logic-based greedy routing protocol (FLGR). Our proposed protocol applies fuzzy logic for the selection of the next greedy forwarder to forward the data reliably towards the destination. Five parameters, namely distance, direction, speed, position, and trust have been used to evaluate the node’s stability using fuzzy logic. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MFGR scheme can achieve the best performance in terms of the highest packet delivery ratio (PDR) and minimizes the average number of hops among all protocols.

Artificial Intelligence Based Intrusion Detection System to Detect Flooding Attack in VANETs

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mannat Jot Singh Aneja ◽  
Tarunpreet Bhatia ◽  
Gaurav Sharma ◽  
Gulshan Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Flooding Attack ◽  
Hoc Networks

This chapter describes how Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are classes of ad hoc networks that provides communication among various vehicles and roadside units. VANETs being decentralized are susceptible to many security attacks. A flooding attack is one of the major security threats to the VANET environment. This chapter proposes a hybrid Intrusion Detection System which improves accuracy and other performance metrics using Artificial Neural Networks as a classification engine and a genetic algorithm as an optimization engine for feature subset selection. These performance metrics have been calculated in two scenarios, namely misuse and anomaly. Various performance metrics are calculated and compared with other researchers' work. The results obtained indicate a high accuracy and precision and negligible false alarm rate. These performance metrics are used to evaluate the intrusion system and compare with other existing algorithms. The classifier works well for multiple malicious nodes. Apart from machine learning techniques, the effect of the network parameters like throughput and packet delivery ratio is observed.

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