Analysis of Security Vulnerability Levels of In-Vehicle Network Topologies Applying Graph Representations

This article investigates cybersecurity issues related to in-vehicle communication networks. In-vehicle communication network security is evaluated based on the protection characteristics of the network components and the topology of the network. The automotive communication network topologies are represented as undirected weighted graphs, and their vulnerability is estimated based on the specific characteristics of the generated graph. Thirteen different vehicle models have been investigated to compare the vulnerability levels of the in-vehicle network using the Dijkstra's shortest route algorithm. An important advantage of the proposed method is that it is in accordance with the most relevant security evaluation models. On the other hand, the newly introduced approach considers the Secure-by-Design concept principles.

Performance analysis of cost effective multi-hop Time Sensitive Network for IEEE 802.1Qbv and IEEE 802.1Qbu standards

Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is an emerging technology, which enables advancements in applications like industrial automation, automatic vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. which hosts various time-critical applications, ensuring bounded latency. The novel idea of this paper is to present OMNET++ simulation-based complex multi-hop TSN network using the native VLAN concept to bring out a cost-effective model for inter-TSN and Intra-TSN domains. This paper investigates the performance of hybrid IEEE standards, ie.IEEE 802.1Qbu and IEEE 802.1Qbv standards. The simulation results show that the combination of these standards, when effectively scheduled in switches will reduce the latency by 3.3 µseconds in time-critical applications. Further, it is observed that in Best effort traffic, frame loss is also very less in the range of 2-5 frames out of 1385 frames. These results certainly will be of great value in more complex TSN deployments.

The Review of Vehicular Safety Enhancement Through Wireless Protocol

Nowadays, Transportation is one of the primary and major needs of almost every human being that cannot be avoided. The road congested or road traffic are due to The increases in vehicles, which in turn results in road safety and increase accidents. In current society, there are many modern cars with tremendous features in it like, Mercedes, BMW, Audi, and Tesla and so on. Those cars are highly technical and even higher in price. Many people are not economical on buying those vehicles because the middle range vehicles are not capable of much attributes like, visualizing performance, driver safety and so on.., Anyway , the action of using something that is of highly mobile and energy limitation UVs for wireless communications also introduces many new provocation. Hence, we use Vehicle to Vehicle communication and vehicle to infrastructure communication are to reduce crashes. In addition to this, for an Electric unmanned vehicle we use Wireless charging to charge the vehicle with the help of the Tesla coil. In this system we use a (Dedicated short range communication) DSRC and Zigbee. Both DSRC and Zigbee are used for the communication between the vehicles within a certain range. Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) protocol is used for the network access since it reduces the delay in transmission time. Resentencing, there are research shows that using DSRC has a performance issue in a dense area or increased network load hence Zigbee is used along with DSRC since Zigbee perform well in dense area.

Dynamic spectrum management using frequency selection at licensed and unlicensed bands for efficient vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Background: The exponential increase in pattern of vehicles on the roads demands a need to develop a vehicular infrastructure that may not only ease congestions and provide a better experience but also pivot the levels of safety among users. The development of wireless technology has made it convenient for machines, devices and vehicles to interact with one another. The efficacy of this wireless communications relies on utilising current and available technology to enable information to be shared efficiently. In the wake of the available advancement in wireless technology, a new dynamic spectrum management (DSM) in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication that coexists with the existing Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network to increase the throughput in V2V communication is proposed. This will provide some solutions to enable a more efficient vehicular infrastructure. Methods: This paper focuses on the utilization of DSM in V2V communications by selecting an appropriate frequency band through the selection of available licensed and unlicensed frequency bands for vehicles. Further investigations are done to identify the effect of interference in the dynamic spectrum by observing the path loss, SINR, and the throughput with various interfering users. Results: The results show that the performance of the proposed DSM augments a significant improvement in the overall throughput and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) value is reduced by up to 60% when compared to the fixed spectrum allocation. Conclusions: Although the dynamic spectrum is still affected by the interference from the existing cellular users, the throughput of the dynamic spectrum remains sufficient to transmit the information to other vehicles.

Potential Using Vehicle to Vehicle Communication Based on Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) for Supporting Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) becomes one of the most popular modern technologies these days, due to its contribution to the development and modernization of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The primary goal of these networks is to provide safety and comfort for drivers and passengers in roads. There are many types of VANET that are used in ITS, in this paper, we particularly focus on the Vehicle to Vehicle communication (V2V), which each vehicle can exchange information to inform drivers of other vehicles about the current state of the road flow, in the event of any emergency to avoid accidents, and reduce congestion on roads. We proposed V2V using Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity); the reason of its unique characteristics that distinguish it from other types. There are many difficulties and the challenges in implementing most types of V2V, and the reason is due to the lack of devices and equipment needed for real implementation. To prove the possibility of applying this type in real life, we made a prototype contains a modified toy car, a 12-volt power supply, sensors, visual, audible alarm, a visual “LED” devices, and finally a 12-volt DC relay unit. As a conclusion, the proposed implementation in spite of minimal requirements and use simple equipment, we have achieved the most important main objectives of the paper: preventing vehicles from collision, early warning, and avoiding congestion on the roads.

BusCount: A Provable Replay Protection Solution for Automotive CAN Networks

Information technology has become eminent in the development of modern cars. More than 50 Electronic Control Units (ECUs) realize vehicular functions in hardware and software, ranging from engine control and infotainment to future autonomous driving systems. Not only do the connections to the outside world pose new threats, but also the in-vehicle communication between ECUs, realized by bus systems such as Controller Area Network (CAN), needs to be protected against manipulation and replay of messages. Multiple countermeasures were presented in the past making use of Message Authentication Codes and time stamps and message counters, respectively, to provide message freshness, most prominently AUTOSAR’s Secure Onboard Communication (SecOC). In this paper, we focus on the latter ones. As one aspect of this paper, using an adequate formal model and proof, we will show that the currently considered solutions exhibit deficiencies that are hard if not impossible to overcome within the scope of the respective approaches. We further present a hardware-based approach that avoids these deficiencies and formally prove its freshness properties. In addition, we show its practicability by a hardware implementation. Finally, we evaluate our approach in comparison to counter-based solutions currently being used.

A Novel Optimized V-VLC Receiver Sensor Design Using μGA in Automotive Applications

Vehicular visible light communication is known as a promising way of inter-vehicle communication. Vehicular VLC can ensure the significant advancement of safety and efficiency in traffic. It has disadvantages, such as unexpected glare on drivers in moving conditions, i.e., non-line-of-sight link at night. While designing a receiver, the most important factor is to ensure the optimal quality of the received signal. Within this context, to achieve an optimal communication quality, it is necessary to find the optimal maximum signal strength. Hereafter, a new receiver design is focused on in this paper at the circuit level, and a novel micro genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the signal strength. The receiver can calculate the SNR, and it is possible to modify its structural design. The micro GA determines the alignment of the maximum signal strength at the receiver point rather than monitoring the signal strength for each angle. The results showed that the proposed scheme accurately estimates the alignment of the receiver, which gives the optimum signal strength. In comparison with the conventional GA, the micro GA results showed that the maximum received signal strength was improved by −1.7 dBm, −2.6 dBm for user Location 1 and user Location 2, respectively, which proves that the micro GA is more efficient. The execution time of the conventional GA was 7.1 s, while the micro GA showed 0.7 s. Furthermore, at a low SNR, the receiver showed robust communication for automotive applications.