scholarly journals Towards Measuring Terahertz Photon Statistics by a Superconducting Bolometer

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 4964
Author(s):  
Pavel Prudkovskii ◽  
Andrey Leontyev ◽  
Kirill Kuznetsov ◽  
Galiya Kitaeva
Keyword(s):  
Photon Statistics ◽  
Statistical Distributions ◽  
Superconducting Bolometer ◽  
Thz Detection ◽  
Parametric Down Conversion ◽  
Discrete Nature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Down Conversion

Statistical distributions of the analog readings of an antenna-coupled THz superconducting bolometer were measured and analyzed under a special type of irradiation by low-energy fluxes of THz photons with Poisson photon statistics and controllable mean photon numbers. The photons were generated via low-gain parametric down-conversion in pulse-pumped Mg:LiNbO3 crystal placed to a cooled cryostat together with the bolometer NbN film. Results of theoretical approximation of experimental histograms reveal the discrete nature of THz detection by superconducting bolometers and open a way for studying their quantum characteristics. It is shown that bolometer readings per pulse consist of discrete counts (“single charges”), with the mean number linearly dependent on the number of input photons. Contributions of single counts to a total analog reading are statistically distributed according to the normal law, with average values slightly depending on the number of counts in each reading. A general formula is proposed to describe the relationship between continuous statistical distribution of the bolometer readings and discrete quantum statistics of the incident photons.

scholarly journals From Stochastic Optics to theWigner Formalism: The Role of the Vacuum Field in Optical Quantum Communication Experiments

Atoms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Casado ◽  
Santiago Guerra ◽  
José Plácido
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cryptography ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Quantum Communication ◽  
Bell State ◽  
Vacuum Field ◽  
Heisenberg Picture ◽  
Parametric Down Conversion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Down Conversion

TheWigner formalism in the Heisenberg picture constitutes a bridge that connects QuantumOptics to Stochastic Optics. The vacuum field appears explicitly in the formalism, and the wavelikeaspects of light are emphasised. In addition, the zeropoint intensity as a threshold for detection is acommon denominator in both theories. In this paper, after summarising the basic rules of the Wignerapproach and its application to parametric down-conversion, some new results are presented thatdelve into the physical meaning of the zeropoint field in optical quantum communication. Specifically,the relationship between Bell-state distinguishability and the number of sets of zeropoint modesthat take part in the experiment is analysed in terms of the coupling between the phases of thedifferent fields involved and the subtraction of the zeropoint intensity at the detectors. Additionally,the connection between the compatibility theorem in quantum cryptography and zeropoint fieldis stressed.

scholarly journals Highly nonclassical photon statistics in parametric down-conversion

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edo Waks ◽  
Barry C. Sanders ◽  
Eleni Diamanti ◽  
Yoshihisa Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Photon Statistics ◽  
Parametric Down Conversion ◽  
Down Conversion

scholarly journals Direct Observation of Nonclassical Photon Statistics in Parametric Down-Conversion

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edo Waks ◽  
Eleni Diamanti ◽  
Barry C. Sanders ◽  
Stephen D. Bartlett ◽  
Yoshihisa Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Photon Statistics ◽  
Parametric Down Conversion ◽  
Down Conversion

scholarly journals How colors influence numbers: Photon statistics of parametric down-conversion

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Mauerer ◽  
Malte Avenhaus ◽  
Wolfram Helwig ◽  
Christine Silberhorn
Keyword(s):  
Photon Statistics ◽  
Parametric Down Conversion ◽  
Down Conversion

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

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