scholarly journals Mechanical Energy before Chemical Energy at the Origins of Life?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Helen Greenwood Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Origins Of Life ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Response To Water

Mechanical forces and mechanical energy are prevalent in living cells. This may be because mechanical forces and mechanical energy preceded chemical energy at life’s origins. Mechanical energy is more readily available in non-living systems than the various forms of chemical energy used by living systems. Two possible prebiotic environments that might have provided mechanical energy are hot pools that experience wet/dry cycles and mica sheets as they move, open and shut, as heat pumps or in response to water movements.

scholarly journals Mechanical Energy before Chemical Energy at the Origins of Life?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Origins Of Life ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Response To Water

Mechanical forces and mechanical energy are prevalent in living cells. This may be because mechanical forces and mechanical energy preceded chemical energy at life’s origins. Mechanical energy is more readily available in non-living systems than the various forms of chemical energy used by living systems. Two possible prebiotic environments that might have provided mechanical energy are hot pools that experience wet/dry cycles and mica sheets as they move, open and shut, as heat pumps or in response to water movements.

scholarly journals Mechanical Energy before Chemical Energy at the Origins of Life?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Helen Greenwood Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Origins Of Life ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Response To Water

Mechanical forces and mechanical energy are prevalent in living cells. This may be because mechanical forces and mechanical energy preceded chemical energy at life’s origins. Mechanical energy is more readily available in nonliving systems than the various forms of chemical energy used by living systems. Two possible prebiotic environments that might have provided mechanical energy are hot pools that experience wet/dry cycles and mica sheets as they move, open and shut, as heat pumps or in response to water movements.

scholarly journals Mechanical Energy before Chemical Energy at the Origins of Life?

Sci ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Helen Greenwood Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Origins Of Life ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Response To Water

Forces and mechanical energy are prevalent in living cells. This may be because forces and mechanical energy preceded chemical energy at life’s origins. Mechanical energy is more readily available in non-living systems than the various other forms of energy used by living systems. Two possible prebiotic environments that might have provided mechanical energy are hot pools that experience wet/dry cycles and mica sheets as they move, open and shut, as heat pumps or in response to water movements.

scholarly journals Flammable gases produced by TiO2 nanoparticles under magnetic stirring in water

Friction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Chongyang Tang ◽  
Xiangheng Xiao ◽  
Yanmin Jia ◽  
Wanping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Quartz Glass ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Magnetic Stirring ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Nanostructured Semiconductors

AbstractThe friction between nanomaterials and Teflon magnetic stirring rods has recently drawn much attention for its role in dye degradation by magnetic stirring in dark. Presently the friction between TiO2 nanoparticles and magnetic stirring rods in water has been deliberately enhanced and explored. As much as 1.00 g TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in 50 mL water in 100 mL quartz glass reactor, which got gas-closed with about 50 mL air and a Teflon magnetic stirring rod in it. The suspension in the reactor was magnetically stirred in dark. Flammable gases of 22.00 ppm CO, 2.45 ppm CH4, and 0.75 ppm H2 were surprisingly observed after 50 h of magnetic stirring. For reference, only 1.78 ppm CO, 2.17 ppm CH4, and 0.33 ppm H2 were obtained after the same time of magnetic stirring without TiO2 nanoparticles. Four magnetic stirring rods were simultaneously employed to further enhance the stirring, and as much as 30.04 ppm CO, 2.61 ppm CH4, and 8.98 ppm H2 were produced after 50 h of magnetic stirring. A mechanism for the catalytic role of TiO2 nanoparticles in producing the flammable gases is established, in which mechanical energy is absorbed through friction by TiO2 nanoparticles and converted into chemical energy for the reduction of CO2 and H2O. This finding clearly demonstrates a great potential for nanostructured semiconductors to utilize mechanical energy through friction for the production of flammable gases.

Large Deformation of Biological Cells by Optical Tweezers

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Suresh ◽  
C. T. Lim ◽  
M. Dao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Deformation Characteristics ◽  
Biological Cells ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Aspiration Technique ◽  
Stress States

The chemical and biological functions of living cells are known to be influenced strongly by mechanical forces and deformation, and the ability of cells to detect and support forces, in turn, is also affected by chemical and biological factors. Furthermore, the progression of a number of inherited and infectious diseases have also been identified to have a strong correlation with the mechanical deformation characteristics of biological cells. Consequently, the deformation characteristics of whole cells and cell membranes have long been investigated using a variety of experimental methods, such as the micropipette aspiration technique, and by computational modeling (see, for example, refs. [1, 2]). Recent advances in experimental techniques capable of probing mechanical forces and displacements to a resolution of picoNewton and nanometer, respectively, have facilitated use of mechanical test methods for living cells whereby precise measurements of response under different stress states could be investigated.

A carbonothioate-based far-red fluorescent probe for the specific detection of mercury ions in living cells and zebrafish

The Analyst ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1426-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingxia Duan ◽  
Hanchuang Zhu ◽  
Caiyun Liu ◽  
Ruifang Yuan ◽  
Zhaotong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Probe ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Specific Detection

A simple far-red fluorescent probe was developed to monitor mercury ions in environmental water samples and in living systems.

scholarly journals Compression–Expansion Processes for Chemical Energy Storage: Thermodynamic Optimization for Methane, Ethane and Hydrogen

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burak Atakan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Initial Mixture ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Chemical Equilibration ◽  
Work Input ◽  
Exergy Losses ◽  
Argon Content

Several methods for chemical energy storage have been discussed recently in the context of fluctuating energy sources, such as wind and solar energy conversion. Here a compression–expansion process, as also used in piston engines or compressors, is investigated to evaluate its potential for the conversion of mechanical energy to chemical energy, or more correctly, exergy. A thermodynamically limiting adiabatic compression–chemical equilibration–expansion cycle is modeled and optimized for the amount of stored energy with realistic parameter bounds of initial temperature, pressure, compression ratio and composition. As an example of the method, initial mixture compositions of methane, ethane, hydrogen and argon are optimized and the results discussed. In addition to the stored exergy, the main products (acetylene, benzene, and hydrogen) and exergetic losses of this thermodynamically limiting cycle are also analyzed, and the volumetric and specific work are discussed as objective functions. It was found that the optimal mixtures are binary methane argon mixtures with high argon content. The predicted exergy losses due to chemical equilibration are generally below 10%, and the chemical exergy of the initial mixture can be increased or chemically up-converted due to the work input by approximately 11% in such a thermodynamically limiting process, which appears promising.

Force-dependent vinculin binding to talin in live cells: a crucial step in anchoring the actin cytoskeleton to focal adhesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (6) ◽  
pp. C607-C620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hirata ◽  
Hitoshi Tatsumi ◽  
Chwee Teck Lim ◽  
Masahiro Sokabe
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Actin Network ◽  
Crucial Step

Mechanical forces play a pivotal role in the regulation of focal adhesions (FAs) where the actin cytoskeleton is anchored to the extracellular matrix through integrin and a variety of linker proteins including talin and vinculin. The localization of vinculin at FAs depends on mechanical forces. While in vitro studies have demonstrated the force-induced increase in vinculin binding to talin, it remains unclear whether such a mechanism exists at FAs in vivo. In this study, using fibroblasts cultured on elastic silicone substrata, we have examined the role of forces in modulating talin-vinculin binding at FAs. Stretching the substrata caused vinculin accumulation at talin-containing FAs, and this accumulation was abrogated by expressing the talin-binding domain of vinculin (domain D1, which inhibits endogenous vinculin from binding to talin). These results indicate that mechanical forces loaded to FAs facilitate vinculin binding to talin at FAs. In cell-protruding regions, the actin network moved backward over talin-containing FAs in domain D1-expressing cells while it was anchored to FAs in control cells, suggesting that the force-dependent vinculin binding to talin is crucial for anchoring the actin cytoskeleton to FAs in living cells.

Rapid discovery of drug target engagement by isothermal shift assay

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristofor J. Webb ◽  
Kerri A. Ball ◽  
Stephen J. Coleman ◽  
Jeremy Jacobsen ◽  
Michael H.B. Stowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Target ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Target Engagement ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Drug Molecules

Identifying protein targets directly bound by drug molecules within living systems remains challenging. Here we present the isothermal shift assay, iTSA, for rapid identification of drug targets. Compared with thermal proteome profiling, a prevailing method for target engagement, iTSA offers a simplified workflow, 4-fold higher throughput, and multiplexed experimental designs with higher replication. We demonstrate application of iTSA to identify targets for several kinase inhibitors in lysates and living cells.

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