The Effect of Lower Body Anaerobic Pre-Loading on Upper Body Ergometer Time Trial Performance

Pre-competitive conditioning has become a substantial part of successful performance. In addition to temperature changes, a metabolic conditioning can have a significant effect on the outcome, although the right dosage of such a method remains unclear. The main goal of the investigation was to measure how a lower body high-intensity anaerobic cycling pre-load exercise (HIE) of 25 s affects cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in subsequent upper body performance. Thirteen well-trained college-level male cross-country skiers (18.1 ± 2.9 years; 70.8 ± 7.6 kg; 180.6 ± 4.7 cm; 15.5 ± 3.5% body fat) participated in the study. The athletes performed a 1000-m maximal double-poling upper body ergometer time trial performance test (TT) twice. One TT was preceded by a conventional low intensity warm-up (TTlow) while additional HIE cycling was performed 9 min before the other TT (TThigh). Maximal double-poling performance after the TTlow (225.1 ± 17.6 s) was similar (p > 0.05) to the TThigh (226.1 ± 15.7 s). Net blood lactate (La) increase (delta from end of TT minus start) from the start to the end of the TTlow was 10.5 ± 2.2 mmol L−1 and 6.5 ± 3.4 mmol L−1 in TThigh (p < 0.05). La net changes during recovery were similar for both protocols, remaining 13.5% higher in TThigh group even 6 min after the maximal test. VCO2 was lower (p < 0.05) during the last 400-m split in TThigh, however during the other splits no differences were found (p < 0.05). Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was significantly lower in TThigh in the third, fourth and the fifth 200 m split. Participants individual pacing strategies showed high relation (p < 0.05) between slower start and faster performance. In conclusion, anaerobic metabolic pre-conditioning leg exercise significantly reduced net-La increase, but all-out upper body performance was similar in both conditions. The pre-conditioning method may have some potential but needs to be combined with a pacing strategy different from the usual warm-up procedure.

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Jump-Rope Training: Improved 3-km Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Runners via Enhanced Lower-Limb Reactivity and Foot-Arch Stiffness

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0529 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 927-933 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felipe García-Pinillos ◽

Carlos Lago-Fuentes ◽

Pedro A. Latorre-Román ◽

Antonio Pantoja-Vallejo ◽

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Warm Up ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Foot Arch ◽

Endurance Runners ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Trial Performance

Context: Plyometric training promotes a highly effective neuromuscular stimulus to improve running performance. Jumping rope (JR) involves mainly foot muscles and joints, due to the quick rebounds, and it might be considered a type of plyometric training for improving power and stiffness, some of the key factors for endurance-running performance. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of JR during the warm-up routine of amateur endurance runners on jumping performance, reactivity, arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. Methods: Athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 51) or control (n = 45) group. Those from the control group were asked to maintain their training routines, while athletes from the experimental group had to modify their warm-up routines, including JR (2–4 sessions/wk, with a total time of 10–20 min/wk) for 10 weeks. Physical tests were performed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention period and included jumping performance (countermovement-jump, squat-jump, and drop-jump tests), foot-arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. Reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated from a 30-cm drop jump. Results: The 2 × 2 analysis of variance showed significant pre–post differences in all dependent variables (P < .001) for the experimental group. No significant changes were reported in the control group (all P ≥ .05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between Δ3-km time trial and ΔRSI (r = −.481; P < .001) and ΔStiffness (r = −.336; P < .01). The linear-regression analysis showed that Δ3-km time trial was associated with ΔRSI and ΔStiffness (R2 = .394; P < .001). Conclusions: Compared with a control warm-up routine prior to endurance-running training, 10 weeks (2–4 times/wk) of JR training, in place of 5 minutes of regular warm-up activities, was effective in improving 3-km time-trial performance, jumping ability, RSI, and arch stiffness in amateur endurance runners. Improvements in RSI and arch stiffness were associated with improvements in 3-km time-trial performance.

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Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2.2.201 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 201-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Thomas Zochowski ◽

Elizabeth Johnson ◽

Gordon G. Sleivert

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Warm Up ◽

Swimming Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

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Positive Effect of Lower Body Compression Garments on Subsequent 40-kM Cycling Time Trial Performance

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0b013e318225ff61 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 480-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Kieran M de Glanville ◽

Michael J Hamlin

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Lower Body ◽

Compression Garments ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

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Effects of Heat Removal Through the Hand on Metabolism and Performance During Cycling Exercise in the Heat

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h05-107 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 87-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Andrew R. Hsu ◽

Todd A. Hagobian ◽

Kevin A. Jacobs ◽

Hamdee Attallah ◽

Anne L. Friedlander

Keyword(s):

Core Temperature ◽

Performance Test ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Heat Removal ◽

Time Trial ◽

The Body ◽

Heat Extraction ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Ergometer Exercise ◽

Trial Performance

Objective: This two-part study tested the hypotheses that the use of a new cooling device, purported to extract heat from the body core through the palm of the hand, would (a) attenuate core temperature rise during submaximal exercise in the heat, thereby suppressing exercise-associated metabolic changes, and (b) facilitate a higher sustained workload, thus shortening the completion time of a time-trial performance test. Methods: In Study 1, 8 male triathletes (age 27.9 ± 2.0 yrs, mass 77.2 ± 3.1 kg, [Formula: see text]Peak 59.0 ± 4.1 ml•min−1•kg−1) cycled for 1 hr at the same absolute workload (∼60% [Formula: see text]peak) in a heated room (31.9 ± 0.1 °C, 24 ±1% humidity) on two occasions counterbalanced for cooling (C) or noncooling (NC). In Study 2, 8 similar subjects (age 26.9 ± 2.0 yrs, mass 75.2 ± 3.7 kg, [Formula: see text]peak 54.1 ± 3.1 ml•min−1•kg−1) performed two 30-km cycling time-trial performance tests under the same conditions (CT NCT). Results: In Study 1, cooling attenuated the rise in tympanic temperature (TTY) (1.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2 °C; p < 0.01) and lowered mean oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text] 2.4 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1 L•min−1; p < 0.05) and blood lactate (1.7 ± 0.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 mmol. L−1; p < 0.01) during exercise. There were no significant differences in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose, heart rate (HR), face temperature (TF), or back temperature (TB) between NC and C. In Study 2, time to complete 30 km was 6 ± 1% less with cooling than without cooling (60.9 ± 2.0 vs. 64.9 ± 2.6 min; p < 0.01). During the last 20% of CT, subjects sustained a workload that was 14 ± 5% (p = 0.06) higher than NCT at the same TTY and HR. Conclusions: Heat extraction through the hand during cycle ergometer exercise in the heat can (a) lower TTY, lactate concentration, and [Formula: see text] during a submaximal set-workload test and (b) reduce the time it takes to complete a 30-km time-trial test. Key words: core temperature, hyperthermia, thermoregulation, hand-cooling

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The Effects of a Cycling Warm-up Including High-Intensity Heavy-Resistance Conditioning Contractions on Subsequent 4-km Time Trial Performance

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000001908 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 57-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alan Chorley ◽

Kevin L. Lamb

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Time Trial ◽

Warm Up ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

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The Effects of Warm-up Duration on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine ◽

10.18276/cej.2017.1-01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

Jennifer A. Bunn ◽

L. Chris Eschbach ◽

Meir Magal ◽

Elizabeth K. Wells

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

Warm Up ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

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Functional Threshold Power Estimated from a 20-minute Time-trial Test is Warm-up-dependent

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1524-2312 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Artur Ferreira Tramontin ◽

Fernando Klitzke Borszcz ◽

Vitor Costa

Keyword(s):

Time Trial ◽

The Other ◽

Threshold Power ◽

Incremental Test ◽

Warm Up ◽

Pacing Strategy ◽

Trial Test ◽

Fast Start ◽

Power Outputs ◽

Trial Performance

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of different warm-up protocols on functional threshold power. Twenty-one trained cyclists (˙VO2max=60.2±6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed an incremental test and four 20-min time trials preceded by different warm-up protocols. Two warm-up protocols lasted 45 min, with a 5-min time trial performed either 15 min (Traditional) or 25 min (Reverse) before the 20-min time trial. The other two warm-up protocols lasted 25 min (High Revolutions-per minute) and 10 min (Self-selected), including three fast accelerations and self-selected intensity, respectively. The power outputs achieved during the 20-min time trial preceded by the Traditional and Reverse warm-up protocols were significantly lower than the High Revolutions-per-minute and Self-selected protocols (256±30; 257±30; 270±30; 270±30 W, respectively). Participants chose a conservative pacing strategy at the onset (negative) for the Traditional and Reverse but implemented a fast-start strategy (U-shaped) for the High revolutions-per-minute and Self-selected warm-up protocols. In conclusion, 20-min time-trial performance and pacing are affected by different warm-ups. Consequently, the resultant functional threshold power may be different depending on whether the original protocol with a 5-min time trial is followed or not.

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Warm up intensity influences running performance despite prolonged recovery

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/17479541211004248 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174795412110042

Author(s):

Hunter L Paris ◽

Erin C Sinai ◽

Margaret A Leist ◽

Carrington M Crain ◽

Alexandra M Keller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Time Trial ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Warm Up ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Prolonged Recovery ◽

And Performance ◽

Road Races ◽

Trial Performance

When competing in road races, runners enter starting corrals long before the starting gun triggers. Athletes consequently must complete warm up routines well in advance of race commencement. To optimize performance readiness warm up intensity may need altered to account for the prolonged time between warm up and performance. This study tested the effectiveness of various warm up intensities on 1600 m run performance given a 20 min separation between warm up and time trial, and assessed the physiological bases for performance outcomes. In a randomized, crossover design, 14 athletic men and women [(age (mean ± SEM) = 22 ± 1 y; V·O2peak = 50.3 ± 2.5 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three warm up routines (light-, moderate-, or high-intensity warm up), rested for 20 min, and ran a 1600 m time trial. Warm up procedures were evaluated for their influence on performance, blood lactate, V·O2, and alterations to neuromuscular function. Time trial performance was significantly faster ( P < 0.03) following a moderate-intensity warm up (6:12 ± 18 min:s·1600 m−1) compared to a light-intensity warm up (6:30 ± 18 min:s·1600 m−1). Performance following the high-intensity warm up (6:18 ± 24 min:s·1600 m−1) fell between the light and moderate conditions. When stratified based on starting lactate concentrations, 1600 m performance was optimized when pre-time trial lactate was 2.0–4.9 mmol·l−1. When a prolonged rest separates warm up exercise from time trial performance, warming up remains efficacious. Optimal warm up intensity may be identified using starting lactate as a gauge for performance readiness.

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