Warm up intensity influences running performance despite prolonged recovery

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110042
Author(s):  
Hunter L Paris ◽  
Erin C Sinai ◽  
Margaret A Leist ◽  
Carrington M Crain ◽  
Alexandra M Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Prolonged Recovery ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Road Races ◽  
Trial Performance

When competing in road races, runners enter starting corrals long before the starting gun triggers. Athletes consequently must complete warm up routines well in advance of race commencement. To optimize performance readiness warm up intensity may need altered to account for the prolonged time between warm up and performance. This study tested the effectiveness of various warm up intensities on 1600 m run performance given a 20 min separation between warm up and time trial, and assessed the physiological bases for performance outcomes. In a randomized, crossover design, 14 athletic men and women [(age (mean ± SEM) = 22 ± 1 y; V·O2peak = 50.3 ± 2.5 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three warm up routines (light-, moderate-, or high-intensity warm up), rested for 20 min, and ran a 1600 m time trial. Warm up procedures were evaluated for their influence on performance, blood lactate, V·O2, and alterations to neuromuscular function. Time trial performance was significantly faster ( P < 0.03) following a moderate-intensity warm up (6:12 ± 18 min:s·1600 m−1) compared to a light-intensity warm up (6:30 ± 18 min:s·1600 m−1). Performance following the high-intensity warm up (6:18 ± 24 min:s·1600 m−1) fell between the light and moderate conditions. When stratified based on starting lactate concentrations, 1600 m performance was optimized when pre-time trial lactate was 2.0–4.9 mmol·l−1. When a prolonged rest separates warm up exercise from time trial performance, warming up remains efficacious. Optimal warm up intensity may be identified using starting lactate as a gauge for performance readiness.

Metabolic Responses When Different Forms of Carbohydrate Energy Are Consumed during Cycling

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Lugo ◽  
William M. Sherman ◽  
Gregory S. Wimer ◽  
Keith Garleb
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

This study examined the effects of consuming the same amount of carbohydrate in solid form, liquid form, or both on metabolic responses during 2 hrs of cycling at 70% peak VO2and on cycling time-trial performance. Subjects consumed 0.4 g carbohydrate/kg body mass before and every 30 min during exercise. The liquid was a 7% carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and the solid was a sports bar (1171 kJ) in which 76%, 18%, and 6% of total energy was derived from carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively. Blood obtained at baseline, before exercise, and every 30 min was analyzed for glucose, insulin, lactate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma volume. There were no differences among the treatments for the blood parameters. Total carbohydrate oxidation and time-trial performance were also similar among treatments. Under thermoneutral conditions with equal liquid inges-tion, the metabolic and performance responses are similar when consuming carbohydrate as a liquid, solid, or in combination during prolonged, moderate intensity cycling.

Improvement of 800-m Running Performance With Prior High-Intensity Exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Ingham ◽  
Barry W. Fudge ◽  
Jamie S. Pringle ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Trial Performance

Prior high-intensity exercise increases the oxidative energy contribution to subsequent exercise and may enhance exercise tolerance. The potential impact of a high-intensity warm-up on competitive performance, however, has not been investigated.Purpose:To test the hypothesis that a high-intensity warm-up would speed VO2 kinetics and enhance 800-m running performance in well-trained athletes.Methods:Eleven highly trained middle-distance runners completed two 800-m time trials on separate days on an indoor track, preceded by 2 different warm-up procedures. The 800-m time trials were preceded by a 10-min self-paced jog and standardized mobility drills, followed by either 6 × 50-m strides (control [CON]) or 2 × 50-m strides and a continuous high-intensity 200-m run (HWU) at race pace. Blood [La] was measured before the time trials, and VO2 was measured breath by breath throughout exercise.Results:800-m time-trial performance was significantly faster after HWU (124.5 ± 8.3 vs CON, 125.7 ± 8.7 s, P < .05). Blood [La] was greater after HWU (3.6 ± 1.9 vs CON, 1.7 ± 0.8 mM; P < .01). The mean response time for VO2 was not different between conditions (HWU, 27 ± 6 vs CON, 28 ± 7 s), but total O2 consumed (HWU, 119 ± 18 vs CON, 109 ± 28 ml/kg, P = .05) and peak VO2 attained (HWU, 4.21 ± 0.85 vs CON, 3.91 ± 0.63 L/min; P = .08) tended to be greater after HWU.Conclusions:These data indicate that a sustained high-intensity warm-up enhances 800-m time-trial performance in trained athletes.

scholarly journals Warm-up strategies and performance in competitive swimmers. A systematized narrative review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Enríquez-Enríquez ◽  
◽  
Carlos Mecina-Zapata ◽  
Hernán Riveros-Cárcamo ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Electronic Search ◽  
Review Question ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Trial Performance

Review question / Objective: In competitive swimmers, are warm-up strategies effective in improving time trial performance? The aim of this systematized narrative review is to analyze the state of the art regarding the effectiveness of warm-up strategies on time trial performance in competitive swimmers. Condition being studied: Effects of active, passive or mixed warm-up strategies on performance in time trials equal to or less than 200 meters applied in healthy competitive swimmers over 15 years of age. Information sources: An electronic search of the MEDLINE database was performed through PubMed.

Jump-Rope Training: Improved 3-km Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Runners via Enhanced Lower-Limb Reactivity and Foot-Arch Stiffness

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 927-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Carlos Lago-Fuentes ◽  
Pedro A. Latorre-Román ◽  
Antonio Pantoja-Vallejo ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Trial Performance

Context: Plyometric training promotes a highly effective neuromuscular stimulus to improve running performance. Jumping rope (JR) involves mainly foot muscles and joints, due to the quick rebounds, and it might be considered a type of plyometric training for improving power and stiffness, some of the key factors for endurance-running performance. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of JR during the warm-up routine of amateur endurance runners on jumping performance, reactivity, arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. Methods: Athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 51) or control (n = 45) group. Those from the control group were asked to maintain their training routines, while athletes from the experimental group had to modify their warm-up routines, including JR (2–4 sessions/wk, with a total time of 10–20 min/wk) for 10 weeks. Physical tests were performed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention period and included jumping performance (countermovement-jump, squat-jump, and drop-jump tests), foot-arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. Reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated from a 30-cm drop jump. Results: The 2 × 2 analysis of variance showed significant pre–post differences in all dependent variables (P < .001) for the experimental group. No significant changes were reported in the control group (all P ≥ .05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between Δ3-km time trial and ΔRSI (r = −.481; P < .001) and ΔStiffness (r = −.336; P < .01). The linear-regression analysis showed that Δ3-km time trial was associated with ΔRSI and ΔStiffness (R2 = .394; P < .001). Conclusions: Compared with a control warm-up routine prior to endurance-running training, 10 weeks (2–4 times/wk) of JR training, in place of 5 minutes of regular warm-up activities, was effective in improving 3-km time-trial performance, jumping ability, RSI, and arch stiffness in amateur endurance runners. Improvements in RSI and arch stiffness were associated with improvements in 3-km time-trial performance.

Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zochowski ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Gordon G. Sleivert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

Effects of Different Uphill Interval-Training Programs on Running Economy and Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Barnes ◽  
Will G. Hopkins ◽  
Michael R. McGuigan ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Purpose:Runners use uphill running as a movement-specific form of resistance training to enhance performance. However, the optimal parameters for prescribing intervals are unknown. The authors adopted a dose-response design to investigate the effects of various uphill interval-training programs on physiological and performance measures.Methods:Twenty well-trained runners performed an incremental treadmill test to determine aerobic and biomechanical measures, a series of jumps on a force plate to determine neuromuscular measures, and a 5-km time trial. Runners were then randomly assigned to 1 of 5 uphill interval-training programs. After 6 wk all tests were repeated. To identify the optimal training program for each measure, each runner’s percentage change was modeled as a quadratic function of the rank order of the intensity of training. Uncertainty in the optimal training and in the corresponding effect on the given measure was estimated as 90% confidence limits using bootstrapping.Results:There was no clear optimum for time-trial performance, and the mean improvement over all intensities was 2.0% (confidence limits ±0.6%). The highest intensity was clearly optimal for running economy (improvement of 2.4% ± 1.4%) and for all neuromuscular measures, whereas other aerobic measures were optimal near the middle intensity. There were no consistent optima for biomechanical measures.Conclusions:These findings support anecdotal reports for incorporating uphill interval training in the training programs of distance runners to improve physiological parameters relevant to running performance. Until more data are obtained, runners can assume that any form of high-intensity uphill interval training will benefit 5-km time-trial performance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Warm-up Duration on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Bunn ◽  
L. Chris Eschbach ◽  
Meir Magal ◽  
Elizabeth K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance
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