scholarly journals Techno-Environmental Analysis of the Use of Green Hydrogen for Cogeneration from the Gasification of Wood and Fuel Cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3232
Author(s):  
Abigail Gonzalez-Diaz ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez Ladrón de Guevara ◽  
Long Jiang ◽  
Maria Ortencia Gonzalez-Diaz ◽  
Pablo Díaz-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Wood Biomass

This paper aims to evaluate the use of wood biomass in a gasifier integrated with a fuel cell system as a low carbon technology. Experimental information of the wood is provided by the literature. The syngas is purified by using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) in order to obtain H2 with 99.99% purity. Using 132 kg/h of wood, it is possible to generate 10.57 kg/h of H2 that is used in a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (TSOFC). Then, the TSOFC generates 197.92 kW. The heat generated in the fuel cell produces 60 kg/h of steam that is needed in the gasifier. The net efficiency of the integrated system considering only the electric power generated in the TSOFC is 27.2%, which is lower than a gas turbine with the same capacity where the efficiency is around 33.1%. It is concluded that there is great potential for cogeneration with low carbon emission by using wood biomass in rural areas of developing countries e.g., with a carbon intensity of 98.35 kgCO2/MWh when compared with those of natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) without and with CO2 capture i.e., 331 kgCO2/MWh and 40 kgCO2/MWh, respectively. This is an alternative technology for places where biomass is abundant and where it is difficult to get electricity from the grid due to limits in geographical location.

Performance of a Thermally Coupled Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell System Under Different Operation Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Andreasen ◽  
Silvina G. Ramos ◽  
Hernán A. Peretti ◽  
Walter E. Triaca
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Equilibrium Pressure ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Operation Conditions

The performance of a hydrogen storage prototype loaded with AB5H6 hydride, whose equilibrium pressure makes it suitable for both feeding a H2/air proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and being charged directly from a low-pressure water electrolyzer, interacting thermally with the fuel cell exhaust air, is reported. The nominal 70 L hydrogen storage capacity of the prototype suffices for hydrogen delivery at 0.5 L min−1, which allows a power supply of 50 W for 140 min from the H2/air fuel cell in the absence of thermal interaction. The storage prototype was characterized by monitoring the internal pressure and the temperatures of the external wall and at the center inside the container at different hydrogen discharge conditions. The responses of the integrated system after either immersing the metal hydride container in air or exposing it to the fuel cell hot exhaust air stream under forced convection were compared. The system shows the best performance when the heat generated at the fuel cell is used to increase the metal hydride container temperature, allowing the operation of the fuel cell at 280 W for 16 min at a high hydrogen flow rate of 4 L min−1.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Impurity Concentration Process and Mitigation Operation in Fuel Cell System for Using Biogas

Reactions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Yutaro Akimoto ◽  
Yuta Minei ◽  
Keiichi Okajima
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Recirculation System ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

For a low-carbon society, it is necessary to extract hydrogen for fuel cells from biogas rather than from fossil fuels. However, impurities contained in the biogas affect the fuel cell; hence, there is a need for system and operation methods to remove these impurities. In this study, to develop a fuel cell system for the effective utilization of biogas-derived hydrogen, the compositional change and concentration of impurities in the hydrogen recirculation system under actual operation were evaluated using process simulation. Then, the mitigation operation for performance degradation using simple purification methods was evaluated on the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stack. In the process simulation of the hydrogen recirculation system, including the PEMFC stack, the concentration of impurities remained at a level that did not pose a problem to the performance. In the constant voltage test for a simulated gas supply of biogas-derived hydrogen, the conditions for applying the methanation reforming and air bleeding methods were analyzed. As a result, methanation reforming is more suitable for supplying biogas-containing CO to the PEMFC stack for continuous operation.

scholarly journals The 14th Five-Year Plan of the People’s Republic of China—Fostering High-Quality Development

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Modern Development

This policy notes outlines recommendations for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China that highlights high-quality green development. The plan emphasizes innovation as the core of modern development, relying on the dual circulation strategy as the growth paradigm coupled with reforms to increase living standards. Building on the achievements of the 13th Plan, it aims to reduce the carbon intensity of the economy and peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030. This policy note’s recommendations focus on innovation-driven growth, low-carbon development, integration of urban–rural areas with deeper social inclusion, and population aging as priorities.

scholarly journals Dynamic Modeling and Control of an Integrated Reformer-Membrane-Fuel Cell System

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin P. S. ◽  
Ravindra Gudi ◽  
Sharad Bhartiya
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Framework

Owing to the pollution free nature, higher efficiency and noise free operation, fuel cells have been identified as ideal energy sources for the future. To avoid direct storage of hydrogen due to safety considerations, storing hydrocarbon fuel such as methane and suitably reforming in situ for hydrogen production offers merit for further investigation. Separating the resulting hydrogen in the reformate using membrane separation can directly feed pure gas to the anode side of fuel cell for power generation. Despite the numerous works reported in literature on the dynamic and steady state modeling and analysis of reformers, membrane separation units and fuel cell systems, there has been limited work on an analysis of the integrated system consisting of all the three components. This study focuses on the mathematical modeling and analysis of the integrated reformer, membrane, fuel cell system from first principles in a dynamic framework. A multi loop control strategy is developed and implemented on the mathematical model of the integrated system in which appropriate controllers based on the system dynamics are designed to examine and study the overall closed loop performance to achieve rapidly fluctuating target power demand and rejection of reformer feed and fuel cell coolant temperature disturbances.

scholarly journals Status of MWth Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) Power Generation System Demonstration in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Wei ◽  
Zhien Liu ◽  
Chufu Li ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Haoren Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Design System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Power Generation System ◽  
Integrated Gasification ◽  
Sofc Stacks

Abstract This paper provides status update of IGFC power generation system being developed at National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon (NICE) at MWth scale. This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step similar to integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). Subsequently, the solid oxide fuel cell system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity directly through electrochemical reaction without combustion, which is different from IGCC. This system leads to a higher efficiency as compared to a traditional coal-fired power plant. The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygen-combustor to be converted to steam and CO2. Through heat recovery system, the steam is condensed and removed, and CO2 is enriched and captured for sequestration or utilization, such as co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O using curtailed renewable energy for production of syngas. Comprehensive economic analysis for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with supercritical pulverized coal-fired (SCPC) power plant, showing the cost of electricity (COE) of IGFC could be up to 20% lower than that by SCPC with CO2 capture. The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under both hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel showing good consistency and stable long term performance. Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analysis (using ASPEN Plus) indicate that the hydrogen to CO ratio of the syngas is preferred to be 1.68 or higher to avoid carbon deposition inside of the fuel pipe. For lower H2/CO ratio, steam to CO ratio needs to be higher. Besides, the steam needs to be mixed well with the syngas above 100oC and below the temperatures where carbon formation is thermodynamically favored. The 20kW SOFC power generation unit is being developed with design system conditions of 20 kW maximum power, current density of 0.334 A/cm2, DC efficiency of 50.41%, and fuel utilization of 80%. A 100kW-level subsystem will consist of 6 x 20kW power generation units, and the MWth IGFC system will consist of 5 x 100kW-level subsystems.

scholarly journals Status of MWth Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) Power Generation System Demonstration in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Wei ◽  
Zhien Liu ◽  
Chufu Li ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Haoren Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Design System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Power Generation System ◽  
Integrated Gasification ◽  
Sofc Stacks

Abstract This paper provides status update of IGFC power generation system being developed at National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon (NICE) at MWth scale. This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step similar to integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). Subsequently, the solid oxide fuel cell system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity directly through electrochemical reaction without combustion, which is different from IGCC. This system leads to a higher efficiency as compared to a traditional coal-fired power plant. The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygen-combustor to be converted to steam and CO2. Through heat recovery system, the steam is condensed and removed, and CO2 is enriched and captured for sequestration or utilization, such as co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O using curtailed renewable energy for production of syngas. Comprehensive economic analysis for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with supercritical pulverized coal-fired (SCPC) power plant, showing the cost of electricity (COE) of IGFC could be up to 20% lower than that by SCPC with CO2 capture. The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under both hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel showing good consistency and stable long term performance. Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analysis (using ASPEN Plus) indicate that the hydrogen to CO ratio of the syngas is preferred to be 1.68 or higher to avoid carbon deposition inside of the fuel pipe. For lower H2/CO ratio, steam to CO ratio needs to be higher. Besides, the steam needs to be mixed well with the syngas above 100oC and below the temperatures where carbon formation is thermodynamically favored. The 20kW SOFC power generation unit is being developed with design system conditions of 20 kW maximum power, current density of 0.334 A/cm2, DC efficiency of 50.41%, and fuel utilization of 80%. A 100kW-level subsystem will consist of 6 x 20kW power generation units, and the MWth IGFC system will consist of 5 x 100kW-level subsystems.

scholarly journals Status of MWth Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) Power Generation System Demonstration in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Wei ◽  
Zhien Liu ◽  
Chufu Li ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Haoren Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Design System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Power Generation System ◽  
Integrated Gasification ◽  
Sofc Stacks

Abstract This paper provides status update of IGFC power generation system being developed at National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon (NICE) at MW th scale. This system is designed to use coal as fuel to produce syngas as a first step similar to integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC). Subsequently, the solid oxide fuel cell system is used to convert chemical energy to electricity electrochemically without combustion, which is different from IGCC. This system leads to a higher efficiency as compared to a traditional coal-fired power plant. The unreacted fuel in the SOFC system is transported to an oxygen-combustor to be converted to steam and CO 2 . Through heat recovery system, the steam is condensed and removed, and CO 2 is enriched and captured for sequestration or other application, such as co-electrolysis of CO 2 and H 2 O using curtailed renewable energy for production of syngas. Comprehensive economic analysis for a typical IGFC system was performed and the results were compared with supercritical pulverized coal-fired (SCPC) power plant, showing the cost of electricity (COE) of IGFC could be up to 20% lower than that by SCPC with CO 2 capture. The SOFC stacks selected for IGFC development were tested and qualified under both hydrogen and simulated coal syngas fuel showing good consistency and stable long term performance. Experimental results using SOFC stacks and thermodynamic analysis (using ASPEN Plus) indicate that the hydrogen to CO ratio of the syngas is preferred to be 1.68 or higher to avoid carbon deposition inside of the fuel pipe. For lower H 2 /CO ratio, steam to CO ratio needs to be higher. Besides, the steam needs to be mixed well with the syngas above 100 o C and below the temperatures where carbon formation is thermodynamically favored. The 20kW SOFC power generation unit is being developed with design system conditions of 20 kW maximum power, current density of 0.334 A/cm 2 , DC efficiency of 50.41%, and fuel utilization of 80%. A 100kW subsystem will consist of 6 x 20kW power generation units, and the MW th IGFC system will consist of 5 x 100kW sub-systems.

Comparison of a Multi-Megawatt High Temperature Fuel Cell System With Reciprocating Engines and Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia C. Karvountzi ◽  
Paul F. Duby
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Simple Cycle ◽  
Fuel Cell System

High temperature fuel cells can be successfully integrated in a simple cycle or in a combined cycle configuration and achieve lower heating value (LHV) efficiencies greater than gas turbines and reciprocating engines. A simple cycle fuel cell system reaches 50 to 51% LHV efficiencies. A fuel cell system integrated with gas and steam turbines in a hybrid system could lead to LHV efficiencies of 70% to 72%. An aero-derivative gas turbine that is the most efficient simple cycle gas turbine achieves 40% to 46% thermal efficiency and a new generation reciprocating engine 39% to 42%. Upon integration in a combined cycle configuration with steam injection, aero-derivative gas turbines potentially reach LHV efficiencies of 55% to 58%. The purpose of the present paper is to compare initially the performance of a stand alone fuel cell with a stand alone gas turbine and a stand alone reciprocating engine. Then the fuel cell is integrated in a hybrid system and it is compared with a gas turbine combined cycle plant. The system sizes explored are 5MW in the stand alone case, and 20MW, 30MW, 60MW, 100MW and 200MW in the hybrid / combined cycle case. The performance of the hybrid system was reviewed under different ambient temperatures (0° F–90° F) and site elevations (0 ft–3000 ft). High temperature fuel cells are more efficient and have lower emissions than gas turbines and reciprocating engines. However fuel cells cannot be used for peak power generation due to long start-up time or load following applications.

Process Integration and Optimization of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmanjeet Shihn ◽  
Ramesh K. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell ◽  
Molten Carbonate ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Carbonate Fuel Cell

This paper presents a framework for the system integration and optimization of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) working under stationary conditions using process integration. Here, the analysis is focused on two systems in terms of the efficiency and process requirements: (i) an MCFC system alone and (ii) an MCFC system integrated with the steam turbine cycle, now onwards referred to as fuel cell combined cycle system for electric power generation. In the first system, a steady state direct internal reforming MCFC system is being simulated using desulphurized natural gas. A heat exchanger network is developed using process integration so that a minimum amount of external thermal energy is provided to the fuel cell system for electric power generation. In the second analysis, a steam turbine system is added to the first (fuel cell) one to form a fuel cell combined cycle system. The procedure for developing a network of heat exchangers and proper integration of the steam turbine system with an optimized minimum temperature difference is discussed. The results of the study elucidate the advantages of properly designed fuel cell combined cycle system to reach power demand with 17% higher efficiency as compared with the system without a combined cycle.

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