scholarly journals Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic)

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Estevez ◽  
Manoëlla Sibat ◽  
José Manuel Leão-Martins ◽  
Angels Tudó ◽  
Maria Rambla-Alegre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Madeira Archipelago ◽  
Species Specific

Over the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the role of these compounds in ciguatera poisoning (CP) remains to be clarified. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins are very toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates and have been described since the 1980s. Ciguatoxins are generally described as the main contributors to this food intoxication. Recent reports of CP in temperate waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Madeira archipelago (Portugal) triggered the need for isolation and cultivation of dinoflagellates from these areas, and their taxonomic and toxicological characterization. Maitotoxins, and specifically maitotoxin-4, has been described as one of the most toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates (e.g., G. excentricus) in the Canary Islands. Thus, characterization of toxin profiles of Gambierdiscus species from adjacent regions appears critical. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to either low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed for characterization of several strains of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa from the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Maitotoxin-3, two analogues tentatively identified as gambieric acid C and D, a putative gambierone analogue and a putative gambieroxide were detected in all G. australes strains from Menorca and Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) while only maitotoxin-3 was present in an F. paulensis strain of the same region. An unidentified Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus sp.2) from Crete (Greece) showed a different toxin profile, detecting both maitotoxin-3 and gambierone, while the availability of a G. excentricus strain from the Canary Islands (Spain) confirmed the presence of maitotoxin-4 in this species. Overall, this study shows that toxin profiles not only appear to be species-specific but probably also specific to larger geographic regions.

scholarly journals Characterization of Polysulfides, Polysulfanes, and Other Unique Species in the Reaction between GSNO and H2S

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murugaeson R Kumar ◽  
Patrick J Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sulfenic Acid ◽  
Radical Trap ◽  
Radical Coupling ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sulfenic Acids ◽  
Unique Species ◽  
Resolution Mass

Glutathione-based products, GSnX, of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, S-nitroso glutathione, and GSNO, at varied stoichiometries have been analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and chemical trapping experiments. A wide variety of glutathione-based species with catenated sulfur chains have been identified including sulfanes (GSSnG), sulfides (GSSnH), and sulfenic acids (GSnOH); sulfinic (GSnO2H) and sulfonic (GSnO3H) acids are also seen in reactions exposed to air. The presence of each species of GSnX within the original reaction mixtures was confirmed using Single Ion Chromatograms (SICs), to demonstrate the separation on the LC column, and given approximate quantification by the peak area of the SIC. Further, confirmation for different GSnX families was obtained by trapping with species-specific reagents. Several unique GSnX families have been characterized, including bridging mixed di- and tetra-valent polysulfanes and internal trithionitrates (GSNHSnH) with polysulfane branches. Competitive trapping experiments suggest that the polysulfane chains are formed via the intermediacy of sulfenic acid species, GSSnOH. In the presence of radical trap vinylcyclopropane (VCP) the relative distributions of polysulfane speciation are relatively unaffected, suggesting that radical coupling is not a dominant pathway. Therefore, we suggest polysulfane catenation occurs via reaction of sulfides with sulfenic acids.

scholarly journals A combined flow injection/reversed phase chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry workflow for accurate absolute lipid quantification with 13C- internal standards

The Analyst ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Schoeny ◽  
Evelyn Rampler ◽  
Yasin El Abiead ◽  
Felina Hildebrand ◽  
Olivia Zach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Lipid Quantification ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Resolution Mass

We propose a fully automated novel workflow for lipidomics based on flow injection- followed by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (FI/LC-HRMS). The workflow combined in-depth characterization of the lipidome...

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