scholarly journals Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Ibukun M. Ogunade ◽  
Diwakar Vyas ◽  
Adegbola T. Adesogan

Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens produced by fungi, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins can contaminate a variety of livestock feeds and cause enormous economic losses, estimated at between US$52.1 and US$1.68 billion annually for the U.S. corn industry alone. In addition, aflatoxin can be transferred from the diet to the milk of cows as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), posing a significant human health hazard. In dairy cows, sheep and goats, chronic exposure to dietary aflatoxin can reduce milk production, impair reproduction and liver function, compromise immune function, and increase susceptibility to diseases; hence, strategies to lower aflatoxin contamination of feeds and to prevent or reduce the transfer of the toxin to milk are required for safeguarding animal and human health and improving the safety of dairy products and profitability of the dairy industry. This article provides an overview of the toxicity of aflatoxin to ruminant livestock, its occurrence in livestock feeds, and the effectiveness of different strategies for preventing and mitigating aflatoxin contamination of feeds.

Author(s):  
Anthony Seaton ◽  
Lang Tran ◽  
Robert Aitken ◽  
Kenneth Donaldson

New developments in technology usually entail some hazard as well as advantage to a society. Hazard of a material translates into risk by exposure of humans and/or their environment to the agent in question, and risk is reduced by control of exposure, usually guided by regulation based on understanding of the mechanisms of harm. We illustrate risks relating to the causation of diseases associated with exposure to aerosols of combustion particles and asbestos, leading to paradigms of particle toxicity, and discuss analogies with potential exposure to manufactured nanoparticles (NPs). We review the current understanding of the hazard of NPs derived from the new science of nanotoxicology and the limited research to date into human exposure to these particles. We identify gaps in knowledge relating to the properties of NPs that might determine toxicity and in understanding the most appropriate ways both to measure this in the laboratory and to assess it in the workplace. Nevertheless, we point out that physical principles governing the behaviour of such particles allow determination of practical methods of protecting those potentially exposed. Finally, we discuss the early steps towards regulation and the difficulties facing regulators in controlling potentially harmful exposures in the absence of sufficient scientific evidence.


Chemosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Megido ◽  
Beatriz Suárez-Peña ◽  
Luis Negral ◽  
Leonor Castrillón ◽  
Yolanda Fernández-Nava

1974 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Alton ◽  
J. Gulasekharam

1983 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Adesiyun ◽  
J. O. Adekeye ◽  
J. U. Umoh ◽  
M. Nadarajah

SUMMARYWell water was sampled from all four major wards in Katsina town. All 20 samples taken showed high coliform counts. Sixty-five per cent contained ≥ 2400 coliforms per 100 ml while the remainder had counts ranging from 79 to 920. Faecal coliforms and non-cholera vibrios were detected in all samples. There was no significant relationship between the coliform counts and the distances of latrines to wells, water table to ground level, slope relationship between wells and latrines, the pH of water and whether the wells were left permanently open or not.Salmonellasp.,Enterobactersp. andPseudomonassp. were each isolated from about 10% of the samples, whileProteussp. was isolated from 40%,Citrobactersp. 15%,Alcaligenessp. 5% and an unidentified Gram-negative rod from 5%.Only 2 (10%) of the sampled households, representing 23 (9·6%) of the 239 people exposed to well-water had pipeborne water in addition. It was concluded that well water in Katsina town could be a human health hazard.


Data in Brief ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Jafari ◽  
Bahram Kamarehie ◽  
Mansour Ghaderpoori ◽  
Nahid Khoshnamvand ◽  
Mehdi Birjandi

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 5873-5878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Vicente Martins ◽  
Maria Olívia Barboza Zanetti ◽  
André Pitondo-Silva ◽  
Eliana Guedes Stehling

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