scholarly journals Infectious Bronchitis Virus Regulates Cellular Stress Granule Signaling

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Brownsword ◽  
Nicole Doyle ◽  
Michèle Brocard ◽  
Nicolas Locker ◽  
Helena J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Cellular Translation ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses

Viruses must hijack cellular translation machinery to express viral genes. In many cases, this is impeded by cellular stress responses. These stress responses result in the global inhibition of translation and the storage of stalled mRNAs, into RNA-protein aggregates called stress granules. This results in the translational silencing of the majority of mRNAs excluding those beneficial for the cell to resolve the specific stress. For example, the expression of antiviral factors is maintained during viral infection. Here we investigated stress granule regulation by Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which causes the economically important poultry disease, infectious bronchitis. Interestingly, we found that IBV is able to inhibit multiple cellular stress granule signaling pathways, whilst at the same time, IBV replication also results in the induction of seemingly canonical stress granules in a proportion of infected cells. Moreover, IBV infection uncouples translational repression and stress granule formation and both processes are independent of eIF2α phosphorylation. These results provide novel insights into how IBV modulates cellular translation and antiviral stress signaling.

scholarly journals Infectious bronchitis virus regulates cellular stress granule signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Brownsword ◽  
Nicole Doyle ◽  
Michèle Brocard ◽  
Nicolas Locker ◽  
Helena J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Translation Machinery ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Cellular Translation

AbstractViruses must hijack cellular translation machinery to efficiently express viral genes. In many cases, this is impeded by cellular stress responses. These stress responses swiftly relocate and repurpose translation machinery, resulting in global inhibition of translation and the aggregation of stalled 48S mRNPs into cytoplasmic foci called stress granules. This results in translational silencing of all mRNAs excluding those beneficial for the cell to resolve the specific stress. For example, expression of antiviral factors is maintained during viral infection. Here we investigated stress granule regulation by Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which causes the economically important poultry disease, infectious bronchitis. Interestingly, we found that IBV is able to inhibit multiple cellular stress granule signaling pathways whilst at the same time IBV replication also results in induction of seemingly canonical stress granules in a proportion of infected cells. Moreover, IBV infection uncouples translational repression and stress granule formation and both processes are independent of eIF2α phosphorylation. These results provide novel insights into how IBV modulates cellular translation and antiviral stress signaling.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Anti-viral Stress Granule Formation by infectious bronchitis virus endoribonuclease nsp15 Ensures Efficient Virus Replication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Gao ◽  
Xiaoqian Gong ◽  
Shouguo Fang ◽  
Wenlian Weng ◽  
Yingjie Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Viral Dsrna ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation

AbstractCytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs exert anti-viral functions due to their involvement in protein synthesis shut off and recruitment of innate immune signaling intermediates. The largest RNA virus, coronavirus, mutates frequently and circulates among animals, imposing great threat to public safety and animal health; however, the significance of SGs in coronavirus infections is largely unknown. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first identified coronavirus in 1930s and has been prevalent in poultry farm for many years. In this study, we provide evidence that IBV overcomes the host antiviral response by inhibiting SGs formation via the virus-encoded endoribonuclease nsp15. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that IBV infection not only did not trigger SGs formation in approximately 80% of the infected cells, but also impaired the formation of SGs triggered by heat shock, sodium arsenite, or NaCl stimuli. We show that the intrinsic endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 is responsible for the inhibition of SGs formation. In fact, nsp15-defective recombinant IBV (rIBV-nsp15-H238A) greatly induced the formation of SGs, along with accumulation of dsRNA and activation of PKR, whereas wild type IBV failed to do so. Consequently, infection with rIBV-nsp15-H238A triggered transcription of IFN-β which in turn greatly affected recombinant virus replication. Further analysis showed that SGs function as antiviral hub, as demonstrated by the attenuated IRF3-IFN response and increased production of IBV in SG-defective cells. Additional evidence includes the aggregation of PRRs and signaling intermediates to the IBV-induced SGs. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the endoribonuclease nsp15 of IBV suppresses the formation of antiviral hub SGs by regulating the accumulation of viral dsRNA and by antagonizing the activation of PKR, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. We speculate that coronaviruses employ similar mechanisms to antagonize the host anti-viral SGs formation for efficient virus replication, as the endoribonuclease function of nsp15 is conserved in all coronaviruses.Author summaryIt has been reported that stress granules (SGs) are part of the host cell antiviral response. Not surprisingly, viruses in turn produce an array of antagonists to counteract such host response. Here, we show that IBV inhibits the formation of SGs through its endoribonuclease nsp15, by reducing the accumulation of viral dsRNA, evading the activation of PKR, and by subsequently inhibiting eIF2α phosphorylation and SGs formation. Nsp15 also inhibits SG formation independent of the eIF2α pathway, probably by targeting host mRNA. Depletion of SG scaffold proteins decreases IRF3-IFN response and increases the production of IBV. All coronaviruses encode a conserved endoribonuclease nsp15, and it will be important to determine whether also other (non-avian) coronaviruses limit the formation of anti-viral SGs in a similar manner.

scholarly journals Puumala and Andes Orthohantaviruses Cause Transient Protein Kinase R-Dependent Formation of Stress Granules

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Christ ◽  
Janne Tynell ◽  
Jonas Klingström
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Cell Stress ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Protein Kinase R ◽  
Granule Formation

ABSTRACT Virus infection frequently triggers host cell stress signaling resulting in translational arrest; as a consequence, many viruses employ means to modulate the host stress response. Hantaviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses known to inhibit host innate immune responses and apoptosis, but their impact on host cell stress signaling remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated activation of host cell stress responses during hantavirus infection. We show that hantavirus infection causes transient formation of stress granules (SGs) but does so in only a limited proportion of infected cells. Our data indicate some cell type-specific and hantavirus species-specific variability in SG prevalence and show SG formation to be dependent on the activation of protein kinase R (PKR). Hantavirus infection inhibited PKR-dependent SG formation, which could account for the transient nature and low prevalence of SG formation observed during hantavirus infection. In addition, we report only limited colocalization of hantaviral proteins or RNA with SGs and show evidence indicating hantavirus-mediated inhibition of PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK). IMPORTANCE Our work presents the first report on stress granule formation during hantavirus infection. We show that hantavirus infection actively inhibits stress granule formation, thereby escaping the detrimental effects on global translation imposed by host stress signaling. Our results highlight a previously uncharacterized aspect of hantavirus-host interactions with possible implications for how hantaviruses are able to cause persistent infection in natural hosts and for pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Infectious bronchitis virus modulates cellular stress granule signalling

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Brownsword ◽  
Nicole Doyle ◽  
Michele Brocard ◽  
Nicolas Locker ◽  
Helena Maier
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

scholarly journals THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IS INDEPENDENT OF STRESS-GRANULE FORMATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanjot Singh ◽  
Arvind Reddy Kandi ◽  
Deepa Jayaprakashappa ◽  
Guillaume Thuery ◽  
Devam J Purohit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Cell Recovery ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Translational Arrest ◽  
Shock Proteins

ABSTRACTCells respond to stress with translational arrest, robust transcriptional changes, and transcription-independent formation of mRNP assemblies termed stress granules (SGs). Despite considerable interest in the role of SGs in oxidative, unfolded-protein, and viral stress responses, whether and how SGs contribute to stress-induced transcription has not been rigorously examined. To address this issue, we characterized transcriptional changes in Drosophila S2 cells induced by acute oxidative-stress and assessed how these were altered under conditions that disrupted SG assembly. Sodium-arsenite stress for 3 hours predominantly resulted in the induction or upregulation of stress-responsive mRNAs whose levels peaked during cell recovery after stress cessation. The stress-transcriptome is enriched in mRNAs coding for protein chaperones, including HSP70 and low molecular-weight heat shock proteins, glutathione transferases, and several non-coding RNAs. Oxidative stress also induced prominent cytoplasmic stress granules that disassembled 3-hours after stress cessation. As expected, RNAi-mediated knockdown of the conserved G3BP1/ Rasputin protein inhibited stress-granule assembly. However, this disruption had no significant effect on the stress-induced transcriptional response or stress-induced translational arrest. Thus, SG assembly and stress-induced effects on gene expression appear to be driven by distinctive signaling processes. We suggest that while SG assembly represents a fast, transient mechanism, the transcriptional response enables a slower, longer-lasting mechanism for adaptation to and recovery from cell stress.

scholarly journals The RNA helicase Ded1 regulates translation and granule formation during multiple phases of cellular stress responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman P. Aryanpur ◽  
Telsa M. Mittelmeier ◽  
Timothy A. Bolger
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Rna Helicase ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Ded1 is a conserved RNA helicase that promotes translation initiation in steady-state conditions. Ded1 has also been shown to regulate translation during cellular stress and affect the dynamics of stress granules (SGs), accumulations of RNA and protein linked to translation repression. To better understand its role in stress responses, we examined Ded1 function in two different models: DED1 overexpression and oxidative stress. DED1 overexpression inhibits growth and promotes the formation of SGs. A ded1 mutant lacking the low-complexity C-terminal region ( ded1-ΔCT ), which mediates Ded1 oligomerization and interaction with the translation factor eIF4G1, suppressed these phenotypes, consistent with other stresses. During oxidative stress, a ded1-ΔCT mutant was defective in growth and in SG formation compared to wild-type cells, although SGs were increased rather than decreased in these conditions. Unlike stress induced by direct TOR inhibition, the phenotypes in both models were only partially dependent on eIF4G1 interaction, suggesting an additional contribution from Ded1 oligomerization. Furthermore, examination of the growth defects and translational changes during oxidative stress suggested that Ded1 plays a role during recovery from stress. Integrating these disparate results, we propose that Ded1 controls multiple aspects of translation and RNP dynamics in both initial stress responses and during recovery.

scholarly journals Stress Granule Formation Attenuates RACK1-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by Morusin

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5360
Author(s):  
Ye-Jin Park ◽  
Dong Wook Choi ◽  
Sang Woo Cho ◽  
Jaeseok Han ◽  
Siyoung Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Stress Granules ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Stress Granule ◽  
Protein Kinase R ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation

Stress granules are membraneless organelles composed of numerous components including ribonucleoproteins. The stress granules are characterized by a dynamic complex assembly in response to various environmental stressors, which has been implicated in the coordinated regulation of diverse biological pathways, to exert a protective role against stress-induced cell death. Here, we show that stress granule formation is induced by morusin, a novel phytochemical displaying antitumor capacity through barely known mechanisms. Morusin-mediated induction of stress granules requires activation of protein kinase R (PKR) and subsequent eIF2α phosphorylation. Notably, genetic inactivation of stress granule formation mediated by G3BP1 knockout sensitized cancer cells to morusin treatment. This protective function against morusin-mediated cell death can be attributed at least in part to the sequestration of receptors for activated C kinase-1 (RACK1) within the stress granules, which reduces caspase-3 activation. Collectively, our study provides biochemical evidence for the role of stress granules in suppressing the antitumor capacity of morusin, proposing that morusin treatment, together with pharmacological inhibition of stress granules, could be an efficient strategy for targeting cancer.

scholarly journals The RNA helicase Ded1 regulates translation and granule formation during multiple phases of cellular stress responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman P Aryanpur ◽  
Telsa M. Mittelmeier ◽  
Timothy A Bolger
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Rna Helicase ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Ded1 is a conserved RNA helicase that promotes translation initiation in steady-state conditions. Ded1 has also been shown to regulate translation during cellular stress and affect the dynamics of stress granules (SGs), accumulations of RNA and protein linked to translation repression. To better understand its role in stress responses, we examined Ded1 function in two different models: DED1 overexpression and oxidative stress. DED1 overexpression inhibits growth and promotes the formation of SGs. A ded1­ mutant lacking the low-complexity C-terminal region (ded1-ΔCT), which mediates Ded1 oligomerization and interaction with the translation factor eIF4G, suppressed these phenotypes, consistent with other stresses. During oxidative stress, a ded1-ΔCT mutant was defective in growth and in SG formation compared to wild-type cells, although SGs were increased rather than decreased in these conditions. Unlike stress induced by direct TOR inhibition, the phenotypes in both models were only partially dependent on eIF4G interaction, suggesting an additional contribution from Ded1 oligomerization. Furthermore, examination of the growth defects and translational changes during oxidative stress suggested that Ded1 plays a role during recovery from stress. Integrating these disparate results, we propose that Ded1 controls multiple aspects of translation and RNP dynamics in both initial stress responses and during recovery.

scholarly journals Flavonoids: Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Shweta Devi ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Singh ◽  
Ashish Kant Dubey ◽  
Jong-Joo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), are the most concerning disorders due to the lack of effective therapy and dramatic rise in affected cases. Although these disorders have diverse clinical manifestations, they all share a common cellular stress response. These cellular stress responses including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, which combats with stress conditions. Environmental stress/toxicity weakened the cellular stress response which results in cell damage. Small molecules, such as flavonoids, could reduce cellular stress and have gained much attention in recent years. Evidence has shown the potential use of flavonoids in several ways, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic, yet their mechanism is still elusive. This review provides an insight into the potential role of flavonoids against cellular stress response that prevent the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals The Leader Protein of Theiler's Virus Prevents the Activation of PKR

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Borghese ◽  
Frédéric Sorgeloos ◽  
Teresa Cesaro ◽  
Thomas Michiels
Keyword(s):  
Stress Granule ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Leader Protein ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
L Proteins

ABSTRACT Leader (L) proteins encoded by cardioviruses are multifunctional proteins that contribute to innate immunity evasion. L proteins of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), Saffold virus (SAFV), and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) were reported to inhibit stress granule assembly in infected cells. Here, we show that TMEV L can act at two levels in the stress granule formation pathway: on the one hand, it can inhibit sodium arsenite-induced stress granule assembly without preventing eIF2α phosphorylation and, thus, acts downstream of eIF2α; on the other hand, it can inhibit eucaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (PKR) activation and the consequent PKR-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation. Interestingly, coimmunostaining experiments revealed that PKR colocalizes with viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in cells infected with L-mutant viruses but not in cells infected with the wild-type virus. Furthermore, PKR coprecipitated with dsRNA from cells infected with L-mutant viruses significantly more than from cells infected with the wild-type virus. These data strongly suggest that L blocks PKR activation by preventing the interaction between PKR and viral dsRNA. In infected cells, L also rendered PKR refractory to subsequent activation by poly(I·C). However, no interaction was observed between L and either dsRNA or PKR. Taken together, our results suggest that, unlike other viral proteins, L indirectly acts on PKR to negatively regulate its responsiveness to dsRNA. IMPORTANCE The leader (L) protein encoded by cardioviruses is a very short multifunctional protein that contributes to evasion of the host innate immune response. This protein notably prevents the formation of stress granules in infected cells. Using Theiler’s virus as a model, we show that L proteins can act at two levels in the stress response pathway leading to stress granule formation, the most striking one being the inhibition of eucaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (PKR) activation. Interestingly, the leader protein appears to inhibit PKR via a novel mechanism by rendering this kinase unable to detect double-stranded RNA, its typical activator. Unlike other viral proteins, such as influenza virus NS1, the leader protein appears to interact with neither PKR nor double-stranded RNA, suggesting that it acts indirectly to trigger the inhibition of the kinase.

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