scholarly journals Phylogenetic and Geospatial Evidence of Canine Parvovirus Transmission between Wild Dogs and Domestic Dogs at the Urban Fringe in Australia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Kelman ◽  
Lana Harriott ◽  
Maura Carrai ◽  
Emily Kwan ◽  
Michael P. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important cause of disease in domestic dogs. Sporadic cases and outbreaks occur across Australia and worldwide and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether transmission of CPV occurs between owned dogs and populations of wild dogs, including Canis familiaris, Canis lupus dingo and hybrids, is not known. To investigate the role of wild dogs in CPV epidemiology in Australia, PCR was used to detect CPV DNA in tissue from wild dogs culled in the peri-urban regions of two Australian states, between August 2012 and May 2015. CPV DNA was detected in 4.7% (8/170). There was a strong geospatial association between wild-dog CPV infections and domestic-dog CPV cases reported to a national disease surveillance system between 2009 and 2015. Postcodes in which wild dogs tested positive for CPV were 8.63 times more likely to also have domestic-dog cases reported than postcodes in which wild dogs tested negative (p = 0.0332). Phylogenetic analysis of CPV VP2 sequences from wild dogs showed they were all CPV-2a variants characterized by a novel amino acid mutation (21-Ala) recently identified in CPV isolates from owned dogs in Australia with parvoviral enteritis. Wild-dog CPV VP2 sequences were compared to those from owned domestic dogs in Australia. For one domestic-dog case located approximately 10 km from a wild-dog capture location, and reported 3.5 years after the nearest wild dog was sampled, the virus was demonstrated to have a closely related common ancestor. This study provides phylogenetic and geospatial evidence of CPV transmission between wild and domestic dogs in Australia.

Hybridisation between dingoes and domestic dogs: a comment on Jones (2009)

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Glen
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Feral Dogs ◽  
Relative Conservation ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs

The recent review by Jones (2009) presents a strong argument that Victoria’s wild dog population cannot reliably be categorised into dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), feral dogs (C. l. familiaris) and hybrids. This presents a problem in the light of the dingo’s recent listing as a threatened species in that state. Wildlife managers must come to grips with questions regarding the relative conservation value of ‘dingoes’ with varying degrees of domestic dog ancestry. This will require improved knowledge of the ecological function of wild dogs, as well as extensive research into public attitudes towards the animals.

scholarly journals An Infectious Disease and Mortality Survey in a Population of Free-Ranging African Wild Dogs and Sympatric Domestic Dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Flacke ◽  
P. Becker ◽  
D. Cooper ◽  
M. Szykman Gunther ◽  
I. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
African Wild Dogs ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Mortality Survey ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Free Ranging

Disease can cause declines in wildlife populations and significantly threaten their survival. Recent expansion of human and domestic animal populations has made wildlife more susceptible to transmission of pathogens from domestic animal hosts. We conducted a pathogen surveillance and mortality survey for the population of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, from January 2006–February 2007. Samples were obtained from 24 wild dogs for canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) serological testing. Data were collected on the presence of CDV, CPV, and rabies virus in the KZN domestic dog (Canis familiaris) population from 2004–06. The presence of these pathogens was confirmed in domestic dogs throughout KZN. Wild dogs exhibited 0% and 4.2% prevalence for CDV and CPV antibodies, respectively. In 2006 the largest wild dog pack in KZN was reduced from 26 individuals to a single animal; disease due to rabies virus was considered the most probable cause. This study provides evidence that CDV, CPV and rabies are potential threats to African wild dog conservation in KZN. The most economical and practical way to protect wild dogs from canine pathogens may be via vaccination of sympatric domestic dogs; however, such programmes are currently limited.

scholarly journals Assessing the risks of intervention: immobilization, radio-collaring and vaccination of African wild dogs

Oryx ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Woodroffe
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Lycaon Pictus ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem ◽  
African Wild Dogs ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Future Management

AbstractControversy has surrounded the role of intervention in studies of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus. Following the death or disappearance of all wild dogs under study in the Serengeti ecosystem, it was suggested that immobilization, radio-collaring or administration of rabies vaccines might have caused high mortality by compromising wild dogs′ immune response to rabies virus. Planning future management and research on wild dogs and other species demands an assessment of the risks associated with such intervention. This paper critically reviews the available evidence and concludes that it is extremely unlikely that intervention contributed to the extinction of wild dogs in the Serengeti ecosystem. A more likely scenario is that vaccination failed to protect wild dogs exposed to rabies virus. Radio-collaring is an important component of wild dog research; hence, the benefits of immobilization appear to outweigh the risks, as long as (i) research is orientated towards wild dog conservation, (ii) radiocollaring is followed up by efficient monitoring, (iii) the number of animals immobilized is kept to the minimum necessary to maintain scientific rigour, and (iv) full data on disease and genetics are collected from all immobilized animals. By contrast, rabies vaccination currently seems to confer few benefits, at least when a single dose of vaccine is given. Further research, on captive animals, is in progress to establish more effective protocols, and to assess the role that vaccination might play in future management of wild dog populations.

scholarly journals All about neosporosis in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Koutsodontis Cerqueira-Cézar ◽  
Rafael Calero-Bernal ◽  
Jitender Prakash Dubey ◽  
Solange Maria Gennari
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Made In

Abstract Neospora caninum is protozoan parasite with domestic and wild dogs, coyotes and grey wolves as the definitive hosts and many warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. It was cultivated and named in 1988. Neosporosis is a major disease of cattle and has no public health significance. Since 1990’s N. caninum has emerged as a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, including in Brazil. N. caninum also causes clinical infections in several other animal species. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the biology of N. caninum and there are more than 200 papers on this subject from Brazil. However, most of the reports on neosporosis from Brazil are serological surveys. Overall, little is known of clinical neosporosis in Brazil, particularly cattle. The few reports pertain to sporadic cases of abortion with no information on epidemics or storms of abortion. The objective of the present review is to summarize all reports from Brazil and suggest topic for further research, including prevalence of N. caninum oocysts in soil or in canine feces, and determining if there are additional definitive hosts, other than the domestic dog. There is need for a national survey in cattle using defined parameters. Future researches should focus on molecular characterization of N. caninum strains, possibility of vaccine production and relationship between wildlife and livestock epidemiology.

scholarly journals Conserving the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline

Oryx ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Woodroffe ◽  
Joshua R. Ginsberg
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Lycaon Pictus ◽  
African Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs

AbstractThe African wild dog Lycaon pictus has declined dramatically over the past 30 years. Formerly distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, today c. 5000 wild dogs remain in total, mostly in southern and eastern Africa. Wild dogs' decline reflects the expansion of human populations and the associated fragmentation of habitat available to wildlife. Because wild dogs live at very low densities, even ‘fragments’ covering thousands of square kilometres may not support viable populations. Furthermore, packs often range beyond the borders of reserves, so even nominally protected populations are often subject to persecution, road accidents, snaring and disease contracted from domestic dogs. Such edge effects mean that reserves smaller than c. 10,000 sq km will provide only incomplete protection. The highest priority for wild dog conservation, therefore, is to maintain and promote the contiguity of areas available to wildlife. Establishing cross-border parks and buffer zones, and encouraging game ranching on reserve borders, will all be beneficial. In smaller areas, protecting wild dogs requires that edge effects be mitigated by: (i) working with local farmers to limit persecution; (ii) controlling snaring; (iii) routing roads carrying high-speed traffic away from wildlife areas; and (iv) minimizing contact between wildlife and domestic dogs. Most of these measures will also benefit other wildlife.

scholarly journals Government-NGO-Community Partnership in Slum Health Service: Missing Link

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2809-2814
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Interactive Video ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Community Partnership ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Audio Video ◽  
Time Diagnosis

The strategy of partnership among Government, voluntary agencies and community has been devised in Odisha for improving health standards in urban community (particularly slums) by enhancing the availability and access to the health services. The programmes envisage empowering the community to manage their health concerns with Government only playing the role of a facilitator. The present study has been undertaken to assess the real grounding of such 'doctrines of partnership' in today's socio-political context and its maneuvering towards realization of the targeted goals. The techniques of interview, focused group discussion (FGD), case analysis and field observation have been adopted for a holistic analysis of the project from the angles of its impact and sustainability. The findings point to the missing link of appropriate technology in creating a robust data base, 'tech-led disease surveillance system', 'telemedicine' and interactive video conferencing with audio, video, real time diagnosis and data transmission technologies. The study also points to a need for policy intervention for institutionalization of partnership among different departments and stakeholders.

scholarly journals Prospects of leveraging an existing mosquito-borne disease surveillance system to monitor other emerging mosquito-borne diseases: a systematic review of West Nile Virus surveillance in Canada (2000–2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luckrezia Awuor ◽  
Richard Meldrum ◽  
Eric N. Liberda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Regional Health Authorities ◽  
Google Search

The objective of this paper was to characterize the role of the current West Nile Virus (WNV) surveillance in supporting the identification of and public health preparedness for other emerging mosquito-borne diseases in Canada. We systematically reviewed publicly accessible WNV surveillance records published within the federal, provincial (n = 10), territorial (n = 3), and regional health authorities (n = 95) between 2000 and 2016. We describe the strategic approaches and activities to WNV surveillance from 124 websites, four public health databases, and three custom Google search engines. WNV surveillance in Canada can address emerging mosquito-borne diseases. However, surveillance practices are likely to underestimate the true risks. Prioritizing and strengthening WNV surveillance by all levels of the Canadian Government through timely surveillance measures, consistent and representative data for accurate prediction of trends and risks are recommended.

scholarly journals Mitigating infectious diseases in Mizoram - A lesson from COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
S. Sangthang ◽  
Irene Lalhruaimawii ◽  
Radhakrishnan Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Small States ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Infectious Disease Surveillance ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Infectious Disease Surveillance System

COVID-19 pandemic has created huge havoc in public health in India and across the world. One among the small states of India, Mizoram lies between Bangladesh and Myanmar compelling a transmission risk of various infectious diseases across the boundary. The responsibilities of the authority to establish a screening and diagnostic laboratory is crucial to identify the infectious etiological agents, control, prevent morbidity, mortality, and burden of the diseases. We aim to discuss the need for an infectious disease surveillance system, the importance and role of advanced diagnostic and research laboratory in Mizoram, learning from SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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