scholarly journals Potentially Infectious Novel Hepatitis A Virus Strains Detected in Selected Treated Wastewater Discharge Sources, South Africa

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Saïd Rachida ◽  
Maureen Beatrice Taylor
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a waterborne pathogen of public health importance. In South Africa (SA), unique HAV subgenotype IB strains have been detected in surface and wastewater samples, as well as on fresh produce at the point of retail. However, due to the use of molecular-based assays, the infectivity of the detected strains was unknown. Considering the potential shift of HAV endemicity from high to intermediate, which could increase the risk of severe symptomatic disease, this study investigated the identity of HAV strains detected before and after viability treatment of selected wastewater discharge samples. For one year, 118 samples consisting of sewage, treated wastewater discharge and downstream dam water were collected from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Unique HAV IB strains were detected in samples from all five WWTPs, with 11 of these strains carrying amino acid mutations at the immunodominant and neutralisation epitopes. A quasispecies dynamic of HAV has also been detected in sewage samples. The subsequent application of viability PCR revealed that potentially infectious HAV strains were discharged from WWTP 1, 2, 4 and 5 into the dam. Therefore, there is a potential risk of HAV exposure to communities using water sources downstream the WWTPs.

Characteristics of acute hepatitis A virus infection before and after 2001: A hospital‐based study in Tokyo, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1836-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Kogiso ◽  
Takaomi Sagawa ◽  
Mayuko Oda ◽  
Somura Yoshiko ◽  
Kazuhisa Kodama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Acute Hepatitis A ◽  
Before And After

Estimating seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections: is it worth standardizing the serological outcomes to adjust for different assays and laboratories?

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 2269-2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. KAFATOS ◽  
N. ANDREWS ◽  
K. J. McCONWAY ◽  
C. ANASTASSOPOULOU ◽  
C. BARBARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Bootstrap Interval

SUMMARYThe aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) project was to estimate age-specific seroprevalence for a number of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. To achieve this serosurveys were collected by 22 national laboratories. To adjust for a variety of laboratory methods and assays, all quantitative results were transformed to a reference laboratory's units and were then classified as positive or negative to obtain age-specific seroprevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the value of standardization by comparing the crude and standardized seroprevalence estimates. Seroprevalence was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, varicella zoster and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and compared before and after serological results had been standardized. The results showed that if no such adjustment had taken place, seroprevalence would have differed by an average of 3·2% (95% bootstrap interval 2·9–3·6) although this percentage varied substantially by antigen. These differences were as high as 16% for some serosurveys (HAV) which means that standardization could have a considerable impact on seroprevalence estimates and should be considered when comparing serosurveys performed in different laboratories using different assay methods.

scholarly journals Isolation and antibiotic profile ofVibriospp. in final effluents of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape of South Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka Osuolale ◽  
Anthony Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Treated Effluents ◽  
Vibrio Spp

ABSTRACTBackgroundPoorly or partially treated wastewater disposed of can contaminate water and even properly treated sewage can have its problems. The highlight of this danger is wastewater treatment plants serving as reservoir for proliferation of antibiotic resistant organisms. We have reported the state of two wastewater treatment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa which discharge poorly and partially treated effluents. Our aims to identify Vibrio spp. and their antibiotic profiles in treated final effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plant.MethodsCulture based approach using the TCBS agar for isolationVibriospp., presumptive isolates were purified and confirmed using PCR. The confirmed isolated were also genotyped to identify the species present. The antibiotic profiling of the confirmed isolates was using the CLSI recommended first line antibiotics for Vibrio.ResultsOut of the 786 presumptive isolates, 374 were confirmed asVibriospp. None of the Vibrio spp. pathotypes were present in the confirmed isolates. Randomized isolates of 100 Vibrio spp. were selected, > 90 % of the isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, and > 50 – 80 % for Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Cefotaxime, and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole respectively.ConclusionsWe are able to isolate Vibrio spp. from treated effluents but none of their pathotypes were present. The antibiotic agents considered for primary testing which are ciprofloxacin was the most effective of the antibiotic drugs, followed by cefotaxime, tetracycline with less susceptibility. Contamination from discharged effluents from wastewater treatment can lead to spread of spread of disease in this environment. The WWTPs studied are sources of pollution to surface water with environmental and public health.

The Effect of Submarine Wastewater Discharge on the Bacterial Quality of Surf Waters

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Before And After

A system involving enumeration of Escherichia coli I, parasite units, staphylococci and salmonellas, and determination of salinity, was developed for the objective assessment of bacterial water quality in the sea off Durban, South Africa. The system was used to measure the quality of the surf waters before and after the construction of two submarine outfalls. Significant improvement in the quality of the surf along the bathing beaches has been noted since the outfalls became operational.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence in South Africa - Estimates using routine laboratory data, 2005–2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0216033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Haeri Mazanderani ◽  
Nkengafac Villyen Motaze ◽  
Kerrigan McCarthy ◽  
Melinda Suchard ◽  
Nicolette Marie du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Routine Laboratory

Detection of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater effluent

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Schlindwein ◽  
C. Rigotto ◽  
C. M. O. Simões ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

Sewage sludge and treated wastewater when contaminated with enteric virus and discharged into the environment, could pose a human health risk. The aim of study was to verify the presence and viability of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater at a local sewage plant in Florianopolis city, Brazil. Sewage sludge was concentrated by organic flocculation and polyethylene glycol precipitation and wastewater by electronegative membrane filtration and ultrafiltration by Centriprep Concentrator. Adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RV) were examined for all samples for 12 months and Poliovirus (PV) was also tested for in sewage sludge samples. AdV was the most prevalent in both kind of samples, followed by RV, PV (in sludge) and HAV. Viral viability by cell culture (ICC-PCR) was: AdV: 100%, HAV: 16.7%, PV: 91.7%, RV: 25% in sludge and AdV: 66.6%, HAV: 66.6% and RV: 0% in wastewater. IFA for AdV in sludge ranged from 70 to 300 FFU/ml. QPCR for AdV ranged from 4.6 × 104 to 1.2 × 106 and from 50 to 1.3 × 104 gc/ml in sludge and wastewater, respectively. HAV quantification in sludge ranged from 3.1 × 102 to 5.4 × 102 gc/ml. In conclusion, it was possible to correlate presence and viability of enteric viruses in the environmental samples analyzed.

scholarly journals Experimental study on using commercial membranes for treatment of wastewater generated by collagen production

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Mirela Alina Constantin ◽  
Lucian Alexandru Constantin ◽  
Ion Viorel Patroescu ◽  
Gheorghe Batrinescu
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Collagen Production ◽  
Valuable Compounds

Collagen production is generating wastewater with high organic loading. This type of wastewater is still containing valuable compounds that can be reused in other applications. In order to investigate the possibility to recover and reuse these compounds the membrane based processes were investigated. Four types of commercial available membranes were characterised and then used to recover the proteins. The results proved that membrane based processes represent a viable alternative to treatment of wastewater generated by collagen production facilities when recovery of valuable compounds is envisaged. It has to be stressed that on the other hand only membrane processes do not assure too reach the quality norms imposed by the legislation for treated wastewater discharge into sewerage systems or natural receivers. Therefore, when proteins recovery and reuse is wanted, the membrane processes represent only the first step of wastewater treatment and should be followed by biological processes in order to obtain the organic loading quality indicators required for wastewater treatment plants discharges.

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