scholarly journals Heterogeneity of Early Host Response to Infection with Four Low-Pathogenic H7 Viruses with a Different Evolutionary History in the Field

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2323
Author(s):  
Gianpiero Zamperin ◽  
Alice Bianco ◽  
Jacqueline Smith ◽  
Alessio Bortolami ◽  
Lonneke Vervelde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Transcriptomic Sequencing ◽  
History Of

Once low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes from wild birds enter into poultry species, there is the possibility of them mutating into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), resulting in severe epizootics with up to 100% mortality. This mutation from a LPAIV to HPAIV strain is the main cause of an AIV’s major economic impact on poultry production. Although AIVs are inextricably linked to their hosts in their evolutionary history, the contribution of host-related factors in the emergence of HPAI viruses has only been marginally explored so far. In this study, transcriptomic sequencing of tracheal tissue from chickens infected with four distinct LP H7 viruses, characterized by a different history of pathogenicity evolution in the field, was implemented. Despite the inoculation of a normalized infectious dose of viruses belonging to the same subtype (H7) and pathotype (LPAI), the use of animals of the same age, sex and species as well as the identification of a comparable viral load in the target samples, the analyses revealed a heterogeneity in the gene expression profile in response to infection with each of the H7 viruses administered.

Opposite outcomes of the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens compared to ducks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bessière ◽  
Thomas Figueroa ◽  
Amelia Coggon ◽  
Charlotte Foret-Lucas ◽  
Alexandre Houffschmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse-genetics engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8 LP increased H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis. By contrast, the H5N8 LP antagonized H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8 LP , which correlated with H5N8 HP inhibition. These data provide experimental evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks and underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in viral evolution. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge. Using a within-host competition model between highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, we provide evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses could be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks. These results have important implications for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emergence prevention and they underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in virus evolution.

scholarly journals Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Marjolein Poen ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Stefan van der Vliet ◽  
Pascal Lexmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ha Protein

ABSTRACT Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are genetically highly variable and have diversified into multiple evolutionary lineages that are primarily associated with wild-bird reservoirs. Antigenic variation has been described for mammalian influenza viruses and for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses that circulate in poultry, but much less is known about antigenic variation of LPAIVs. In this study, we focused on H13 and H16 LPAIVs that circulate globally in gulls. We investigated the evolutionary history and intercontinental gene flow based on the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and used representative viruses from genetically distinct lineages to determine their antigenic properties by hemagglutination inhibition assays. For H13, at least three distinct genetic clades were evident, while for H16, at least two distinct genetic clades were evident. Twenty and ten events of intercontinental gene flow were identified for H13 and H16 viruses, respectively. At least two antigenic variants of H13 and at least one antigenic variant of H16 were identified. Amino acid positions in the HA protein that may be involved in the antigenic variation were inferred, and some of the positions were located near the receptor binding site of the HA protein, as they are in the HA protein of mammalian influenza A viruses. These findings suggest independent circulation of H13 and H16 subtypes in gull populations, as antigenic patterns do not overlap, and they contribute to the understanding of the genetic and antigenic variation of LPAIVs naturally circulating in wild birds. IMPORTANCE Wild birds play a major role in the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), which are occasionally transmitted—directly or indirectly—from them to other species, including domestic animals, wild mammals, and humans, where they can cause subclinical to fatal disease. Despite a multitude of genetic studies, the antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history, intercontinental gene flow, and antigenic variation among H13 and H16 LPAIVs. The circulation of subtypes H13 and H16 seems to be maintained by a narrower host range, in particular gulls, than the majority of LPAIV subtypes and may therefore serve as a model for evolution and epidemiology of H1 to H12 LPAIVs in wild birds. The findings suggest that H13 and H16 LPAIVs circulate independently of each other and emphasize the need to investigate within-clade antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds.

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Migratory Waterfowl in a Region of High Poultry Production, Delmarva, Maryland

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diann J. Prosser ◽  
Christine L. Densmore ◽  
Larry J. Hindman ◽  
Deborah D. Iwanowicz ◽  
Chris A. Ottinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migratory Waterfowl ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals Detection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Ducks from Canada: Comparison of Two Sampling Methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Parmley ◽  
Catherine Soos ◽  
André Breault ◽  
Madeleine Fortin ◽  
Emily Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
Jae-Ku Oem
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ha Gene

H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document