scholarly journals An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Yusuke Goto ◽  
Gakuji Yaegashi ◽  
Kazuhiro Fukunari ◽  
Tohru Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14–21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Deng ◽  
Silu Wang ◽  
Runxia Liu ◽  
Guiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.

152 TRANSMISSION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS BY IN VITRO-FERTILIZED EMBRYOS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bielanski ◽  
J. Algire ◽  
A. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection affects cattle throughout the world. It causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. The potential for transmission of a cytopathic biotype of BVDV by in vivo-derived embryos has been thought to be negligible. However, there is no study to prove non-transmission of the most common field isolate of noncytopathic biotype (NCPB) of BVDV by IVF embryos. Here we report on the preliminary outcome of embryo transfer (ET) of IVF embryos exposed in vitro to type-1 (NY-1) and type-2 (P-131) genotypes of NCPB of BVDV. For this experiment, IVF embryos were generated using standard methods which briefly involve: maturation of cumulus–oocyte complexes in TCM medium, fertilization of oocytes with BVDV-free semen, and culture of zygotes to the blastocyst stage in SOF medium without somatic cells. Day 7 blastocysts were exposed for 1 h to NY-1 or P-131 (103–107 TCID50 mL–1) BVDV strains before being washed (without trypsin) as recommended by IETS. Two embryos were transferred on each occasion. Embryo recipients were virus-free and anti-BVDV antibody-free prior to ET. The recipients remained individually in isolation premises after ET. In total, 126 ET procedures were performed resulting in 57 pregnancies and 34 calves born free of the infectious virus and BVDV antibodies (5 pregnancies are still pending). In total, 23 pregnancies were lost after 30 days. Exposure of embryos to type-2 BVDV resulted in a loss of 46% (17/37) of pregnancies after 30 days post-ET and 20 recipients seroconverted to BVDV. Within seroconverted and pregnant animals (n = 14), only 2 recipients maintained pregnancy and delivered uninfected calves at term. In contrast, exposure of embryos to type-1 caused 30% (6/20) of the pregnancy losses after 30 days and did not cause any seroconversion in ET recipients. After washing, 33% (3/9) and 38% (17/44) single embryos from the infected pool of IVF embryos tested positive for the BVDV. In conclusion, under these experimental conditions, a proportion of recipients was apparently infected after receipt of BVDV-exposed embryos. However, all of the calves that survived to term were BVDV-free and anti-BVDV antibody free.

scholarly journals Isolation and Genetic Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Infected Cattle in Indiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman M. Pogranichniy ◽  
Megan E. Schnur ◽  
Eran A. Raizman ◽  
Duane A. Murphy ◽  
Maria Negron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Mucosal Disease ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Species and biotype distribution was determined in 44 bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV-) positive samples submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (ADDL) in Indiana during 2006–2008. BVDV RNA was detected in the 5′-untranslated region and Nproregion using reverse transcriptase PCR followed by sequencing analysis of the PCR product. Additionally, cases were classified into one of six categories according to history and/or lesions: acute symptomatic, hemorrhagic, respiratory distress, reproductive, persistent infection (PI), and mucosal disease (MD). Of 44 BVDV-positive samples, 33 were noncytopathic (ncp), 10 were cytopathic (cp), and one presented both ncp and cp biotypes. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that all samples belonged to BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, or BVDV-2. The most common isolate was ncp BVDV-1b, (44%) followed by ncp BVDV-2a (24%). Among the six categories, respiratory clinical signs were the most common (36%) followed by PI (25%) and MD (16%).

403 Long-term study of NM283 (valopicitabine) resistance using bovine viral diarrhea virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. S152 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bichko ◽  
M. LaColla ◽  
M.M. Tausek ◽  
L. Lallos ◽  
J. Gillum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Morton ◽  
J.F. Evermann ◽  
R.A. Dieterich
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Two 8-month reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) and a 1-month-old Hereford-Holstein calf (<em>Bos taurus</em>) were inoculated intranasally with the Singer (cytopathogenic) strain of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. Clinical signs in reindeer included loose stools containing blood and mucus, and transient laminitis or coronitis. Signs in the calf were limited to bloody mucus in the stool and lesions in the nasal mucosa. Antibody titers to BVD virus in the reindeer were intermittent, and titers in the calf persisted from days 14 to 63 post-inoculation (PI). Viremia was detected on PI day 4 in one reindeer, days 3-7 in the other, and days 2-7 in the calf. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from the lung of the calf at necropsy (PI day 63).

scholarly journals Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Adult Goats from Persistently Infected Cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Broaddus ◽  
G. Reed Holyoak ◽  
Lionel Dawson ◽  
D. L. Step ◽  
Rebecca A. Funk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

The transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from persistently infected (PI) heifers to adult seronegative goats was examined in this study. Ten seronegative adult goats were exposed to 4 PI heifers. None of the goats developed any clinical signs but all goats seroconverted by 42 days after exposure to the PI cattle. Results indicate that goats are susceptible to BVDV infection when housed with PI cattle.

scholarly journals Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chike F. Oguejiofor ◽  
Carole Thomas ◽  
Zhangrui Cheng ◽  
D. Claire Wathes
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Uterine Disease ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious disease agent that causes significant reproductive and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Although BVDV infection is known to cause poor fertility in cattle, a greater part of the underlying mechanisms particularly associated with early reproductive losses are not clearly understood. Previous studies reported viral compromise of reproductive function in infected bulls. In females, BVDV infection is thought to be capable of killing the oocyte, embryo or fetus directly, or to induce lesions that result in fetal abortion or malformation. BVDV infections may also induce immune dysfunction, and predispose cattle to other diseases that cause poor health and fertility. Other reports also suggested BVDV-induced disruption of the reproductive endocrine system, and a disruption of leukocyte and cytokine functions in the reproductive organs. More recent studies have provided evidence of viral-induced suppression of endometrial innate immunity that may predispose to uterine disease. Furthermore, there is new evidence that BVDV may potentially disrupt the maternal recognition of pregnancy or the immune protection of the conceptus. This review brings together the previous reports with the more recent findings, and attempts to explain some of the mechanisms linking this important virus to infertility in cattle.

bta-miR-29b attenuates apoptosis by directly targeting caspase-7 and NAIF1 and suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication in MDBK cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Huijun Shi ◽  
Mengting Shi ◽  
Luping Meng ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Caspase 7 ◽  
Mdbk Cells ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that serve as powerful regulators of multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis, differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contributes significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. Although BVDV-induced apoptosis correlates with increased intracellular viral RNA accumulation and with bta-miR-29b (miR-29b) expression upregulation in Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with BVDV strain NADL, the role of miR-29b in regulating BVDV-infection-related apoptosis remains unexplored. Here, we report that miR-29b serves as a new miRNA regulating apoptosis. We showed that miR-29b target sequences were present in the 3′ untranslated regions of 2 key apoptosis regulators mRNAs, cysteine aspartases-7 (caspase-7) and nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (NAIF1). Indeed, upon miRNA overexpression, both mRNA and protein levels of caspase-7 and NAIF1 were decreased. We further found that miR-29b attenuated apoptosis by directly regulating intracellular levels of caspase-7 and NAIF1. Moreover, apoptosis blockage by miR-29b was rescued upon co-infection of MDBK cells with lentiviruses expressing caspase-7 and NAIF1. Importantly, miR-29b decreased BVDV NADL envelope glycoprotein E1 mRNA levels and suppressed viral replication. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanisms of miRNAs in mediating the cells combating viral infections.

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