scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2529
Author(s):  
Monika Olech ◽  
Jacek Kuźmak
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Tata Box ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
R Region ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Group A ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global infection in sheep and goats. In a previous study we showed that SRLV strains found in mixed flocks in Poland belonged to subtype A13 and A18, but this study was restricted only to the few flocks from Małopolska region. The present work aimed at extending earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks including larger numbers of animals and flocks from different part of Poland. On the basis of gag and env sequences, Polish SRLVs were assigned to the subtypes B2, A5, A12, and A17. Furthermore, the existence of a new subtypes, tentatively designed as A23 and A24, were described for the first time. Subtypes A5 and A17 were only found in goats, subtype A24 has been detected only in sheep while subtypes A12, A23, and B2 have been found in both sheep and goats. Co-infection with strains belonging to different subtypes was evidenced in three sheep and two goats originating from two flocks. Furthermore, three putative recombination events were identified within gag and env SRLVs sequences derived from three sheep. Amino acid (aa) sequences of immunodominant epitopes in CA protein were well conserved while Major Homology Region (MHR) had more alteration showing unique mutations in sequences of subtypes A5 and A17. In contrast, aa sequences of surface glycoprotein exhibited higher variability confirming type-specific variation in the SU5 epitope. The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) ranged from 3 to 6 in respective sequences and were located in different positions. The analysis of LTR sequences revealed that sequences corresponding to the TATA box, AP-4, AML-vis, and polyadenylation signal (poly A) were quite conserved, while considerable alteration was observed in AP-1 sites. Interestingly, our results revealed that all sequences belonging to subtype A17 had unique substitution T to A in the fifth position of TATA box and did not have a 11 nt deletion in the R region which was noted in other sequences from Poland. These data revealed a complex picture of SRLVs population with ovine and caprine strains belonging to group A and B. We present strong and multiple evidence of dually infected sheep and goats in mixed flocks and present evidence that these viruses can recombine in vivo.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses of Subtype A5 Detected in Naturally Infected but Clinically Healthy Goats of Carpathian Breed

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Monika Olech ◽  
Jacek Kuźmak
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widespread in sheep and goats in Poland, and several subtypes were identified and molecularly characterized up to date. This is the first study that characterizes the molecular properties of A5 strains of SRLV detected in naturally infected, but clinically healthy, Carpathian goats. Segments from three genomic regions (gag, env, and LTR) were analyzed. Genetic distance, pairwise comparison, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Polish SRLV A5 sequences are closely related to the Swiss and German A5 sequences suggesting a common origin. The epidemiological linkage was identified particularly between the small ruminants of Germany and Poland. Amino acid sequences of immunodominant regions in CA protein were well-conserved within analyzed strains; however, they showed some remarkable changes like substitution (D) to (E), at position 90 in Major Homology Region (MHR) and (T) to (S), at position 141 in epitope 3. In contrast, aa sequences of surface glycoprotein exhibited the highest variability confirming type-specific variation in SU5 epitope. Two deletions in the U3 region of A5 strains were noted: One (8 nt) located near the 5′ end of the U3 region and the other (29 nt) located in the central region of U3. Additionally, all A5 strains had specific deletion (10 nt) in the R region. Furthermore, we did not find a correlation between copies of the CAAAT motif and clinical manifestation in infected animals. These data showed some remarkable features in the viral genome of A5 strains, which may be related to the attenuated phenotype in vivo, characterized by the lack of any clinical signs in infected goats. Certainly, more studies are required to support the hypothesis that these A5 viruses are of low pathogenicity for goats. We want to focus our future studies on the analysis of the whole genomes of these isolates and their biological properties, as well as on clinicopathological studies of goats infected by A5 SRLV, aiming to clarify the pathogenic potential of these viruses.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of small-ruminant lentiviruses: characterization of Norwegian isolates of Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Gjerset ◽  
Anne K. Storset ◽  
Espen Rimstad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Group Designation ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), including Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats and maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep, are lentiviruses that, despite overall similarities, show considerable genetic variation in regions of the SRLV genome. To gain further knowledge about the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among field isolates of SRLVs occurring in geographically distinct areas, the full-length genomic sequence of a CAEV isolate (CAEV-1GA) and partial env sequences obtained from Norwegian CAEV-infected goats were determined. The genome of CAEV-1GA consisted of 8919 bp. Alignment studies indicated significant diversity from published SRLV sequences. Deletions and hypervariability in the 5′ part of the env gene have implications for the size of the proposed CAEV-1GA Rev protein and the encoded surface glycoprotein (SU). The variable regions in the C-terminal part of SU obtained from Norwegian CAEV isolates demonstrate higher sequence divergence than has been described previously for SRLVs. Phylogenetic analysis based on SU sequences gives further support for a unique group designation. The results described here reveal a distant genetic relationship between Norwegian CAEV and other SRLVs and demonstrate that there is more geographical heterogeneity among SRLVs than reported previously.

A deletion in the R region of long terminal repeats in small ruminant lentiviruses is associated with decreased pathology in the lung

2008 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Angelopoulou ◽  
T. Poutahidis ◽  
G.D. Brellou ◽  
T. Greenland ◽  
I. Vlemmas
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
R Region ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses ◽  
Terminal Repeats

Serotyping versus genotyping in infected sheep and goats with small ruminant lentiviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 108931
Author(s):  
Gabriel Eduardo Acevedo Jiménez ◽  
Jorge Luis Tórtora Pérez ◽  
Cecilia Rodríguez Murillo ◽  
Beatriz Arellano Reynoso ◽  
Hugo Ramírez Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Field evaluation of a gag/env heteroduplex mobility assay for genetic subtyping of small-ruminant lentiviruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 2020-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Germain ◽  
Benoit Croise ◽  
Stephen Valas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Heteroduplex Mobility Assay ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) display a high genetic diversity and are currently classified into five genotypes and an increasing number of subtypes. The co-circulation of subtypes in restricted geographical regions, combined with the occurrence of cross-species infection, suggests the need for development of a large-scale screening methodology for rapid monitoring of the prevalence of the various genetic subtypes and their genetic evolution. Here, a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) was developed for the rapid identification of group B subtypes. The assay was validated for both the p14 nucleocapsid-coding region of the gag gene and the V1–V2 region of the env gene using a panel of reference standards and was applied to the genetic subtyping of SRLV field isolates from five mixed flocks in France. Subtyping of 75 blood samples using the env HMA revealed a preferential distribution of subtypes B1 and B2 in sheep and goats, despite direct evidence for interspecies transmission of both subtypes. Adding the gag HMA to the env HMA provided evidence for dual infection and putative recombination between subtypes B1 and B2 in five goats, and between groups A and B in one sheep. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 100 % (23/23) and 96.7 % (30/31) of samples were correctly classified using the gag and env HMAs, respectively. These results indicate that dual infection and recombination may be a significant source of new variation in SRLV and provide a useful tool for the rapid genetic subtyping of SRLV isolates, which could be relevant for the development of more accurate diagnosis of prevalent SRLV strains in different countries.

Comparison of two PCR and one ELISA techniques for the detection of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) in milk of sheep and goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 817-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Barquero ◽  
A. Domenech ◽  
A. Arjona ◽  
J.F. Fernández-Garayzabal ◽  
J.A. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Genotyping Based on the LTR Region of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses from Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats from Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfang P. S. Mendiola ◽  
Jorge L. Tórtora ◽  
Humberto A. Martínez ◽  
María M. García ◽  
Sandra Cuevas-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Tata Box ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) belong to the genusLentivirusin the Retroviridae family. There are five genotypes (A, B, C, D, and E), where genotypes A and B have a global distribution and genotypes C, D, and E are limited to Europe. The presence of SRLV has been confirmed in Mexico, with genotype B detected in the central region of the country. We examined the presence of SRLVs and genotype prevalence in 1014 sheep and 1383 goats from 12 Mexican states. Using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) test, we detected SRLV antibodies in 107 sheep (10.55%) and 466 goats (33.69%). We used an endpoint PCR to amplify the LTR region on seropositive animals. A total of 50 sheep and 75 goats tested positive via PCR. Positive amplicons from 11 sheep and 17 goats from ten Mexican States were cloned and sequenced. With the LTR sequence data obtained in this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed; we also constructed a phylogenetic tree using the obtained sequences and GenBank’s available sequences. All studied sequences were associated with genotype B, specifically with the FESC-752 isolate previously identified in Mexico. Highly conserved transcription factor binding sites were observed in analyzed alignments, such as AML (vis), AP-4, and TATA box. However, we identified nucleotide differences at site AP-1 that suggest function loss. Our study found that ovine and caprine genotype B SRLVs are widely distributed in Mexico; a highly conserved LTR region among the sequences evaluated in this study was also found.

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