scholarly journals Probiotic Lactobacilli Limit Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Replication in Chicken Cecal Tonsil Mononuclear Cells

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Nadiyah Alqazlan ◽  
Mohammadali Alizadeh ◽  
Nitish Boodhoo ◽  
Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz ◽  
Eva Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotides ◽  
Cecal Tonsil ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli

Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. The growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. However, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. The objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of lactobacilli bacteria on chicken cecal tonsils (CT) cells against H9N2 LPAIV. CT mononuclear cells were stimulated with probiotic Lactobacillus spp mixture either alone or in combination with a Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). Pre-treatment of CT cells with probiotic lactobacilli, alone or in combination with CpG, significantly reduced H9N2 LPAIV replication. Furthermore, lactobacilli alone elicited cytokine expression, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, and IL-10, while when combined with CpG, a significantly higher expression of (interferon-stimulated gene (viperin)), IL-12, IL-6, CXCLi2, and IL-1β was observed. However, none of these treatments induced significant changes in nitric oxide production by CT cells. In conclusion, probiotic lactobacilli demonstrated a modulatory effect on CT cells, and this correlated with enhanced antiviral immunity and reduced H9N2 LPAIV viral replication.

scholarly journals Pengaruh polisakarida dalam panax ginseng untuk vaksinasi flu burung (H5N1)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Geri Indra Herlambang ◽  
Putu Ristyaning Ayu Sangging
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Outbreak ◽  
The World

Avian Influenza disease is caused by an avian influenza virus infection that became one of the biggest causes of death in the world. The subtype of the virus present in Indonesia is the H5N1 virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2012, the outbreak of the H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus was first reported in 1996, Guangdong Province, South China, and spread to Indonesia since 2003. The number of death from avian influenza outbreak (H5N1) in Indonesia was recorded to be the highest in the world, with the number of death was 151 of 183 people who positively infected with the virus. The H5N1 virus can enter and infect humans when the body’s immune system of the person is low. Panax ginseng belongs to the Araliaceae family, which contains several components, such as ginsenosides, polyacetylenes, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. The Polysaccharides in Panax ginseng have an immunomodulatory function that can increase cytokine production and activate macrophages as an effort to improve and increase the body’s immune system. Therefore, polysaccharides in Panax ginseng affect avian influenza vaccination because it enhances the body’s immune response.

scholarly journals Antigenic Fingerprinting of Antibody Response in Humans following Exposure to Highly Pathogenic H7N7 Avian Influenza Virus: Evidence for Anti-PA-X Antibodies

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (20) ◽  
pp. 9383-9393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surender Khurana ◽  
Ka Yan Chung ◽  
Elizabeth M. Coyle ◽  
Adam Meijer ◽  
Hana Golding
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Phage Display ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Antibody Reactivity

ABSTRACTInfections with H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses remain a major public health concern. Adaptation of low-pathogenic H7N7 to highly pathogenic H7N7 in Europe in 2015 raised further alarm for a potential pandemic. An in-depth understanding of antibody responses to HPAI H7 virus following infection in humans could provide important insight into virus gene expression as well as define key protective and serodiagnostic targets. Here we used whole-genome gene fragment phage display libraries (GFPDLs) expressing peptides of 15 to 350 amino acids across the complete genome of the HPAI H7N7 A/Netherlands/33/03 virus. The hemagglutinin (HA) antibody epitope repertoires of 15 H7N7-exposed humans identified clear differences between individuals with no hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers (<1:10) and those with HI titers of >1:40. Several potentially protective H7N7 epitopes close to the HA receptor binding domain (RBD) and neuraminidase (NA) catalytic site were identified. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis identified a strong correlation between HA1 (but not HA2) binding antibodies and H7N7 HI titers. A proportion of HA1 binding in plasma was contributed by IgA antibodies. Antibodies against the N7 neuraminidase were less frequent but targeted sites close to the sialic acid binding site. Importantly, we identified strong antibody reactivity against PA-X, a putative virulence factor, in most H7N7-exposed individuals, providing the first evidence forin vivoexpression of PA-X and its recognition by the immune system during human influenza A virus infection. This knowledge can help inform the development and selection of the most effective countermeasures for prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatments of HPAI H7N7 avian influenza virus.IMPORTANCEAn outbreak of pathogenic H7N7 virus occurred in poultry farms in The Netherlands in 2003. Severe outcome included conjunctivitis, influenza-like illness, and one lethal infection. In this study, we investigated convalescent-phase sera from H7N7-exposed individuals by using a whole-genome phage display library (H7N7-GFPDL) to explore the complete repertoire of post-H7N7-exposure antibodies. PA-X is a recently identified influenza virus virulence protein generated by ribosomal frameshifting in segment 3 of influenza virus coding for PA. However, PA-X expression during influenza virus infection in humans is unknown. We identified strong antibody reactivity against PA-X in most H7N7-exposed individuals (but not in unexposed adults), providing the first evidence forin vivoexpression of PA-X and its recognition by the immune system during human infection with pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus.

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