scholarly journals The Sun/Moon Illusion in a Medieval Irish Astronomical Tract

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Helen E. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Latin Version ◽  
Bending Of Light

The Irish Astronomical Tract is a 14th–15th century Gaelic document, based mainly on a Latin translation of the eighth-century Jewish astronomer Messahala. It contains a passage about the sun illusion—the apparent enlargement of celestial bodies when near the horizon compared to higher in the sky. This passage occurs in a chapter concerned with proving that the Earth is a globe rather than flat. Here the author denies that the change in size is caused by a change in the sun’s distance, and instead ascribes it (incorrectly) to magnification by atmospheric vapours, likening it to the bending of light when looking from air to water or through glass spectacles. This section does not occur in the Latin version of Messahala. The Irish author may have based the vapour account on Aristotle, Ptolemy or Cleomedes, or on later authors that relied on them. He seems to have been unaware of alternative perceptual explanations. The refraction explanation persists today in folk science.

scholarly journals III. On the nature and construction of the sun and fixed stars

1795 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 46-72 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Body ◽  
Planetary System ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Great Satisfaction ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Made In

Among the celestial bodies the sun is certainly the first which should attract our notice. It is a fountain of light that illuminates the world! it is the cause of that heat which main­tains the productive power of nature, and makes the earth a fit habitation for man! it is the central body of the planetary system; and what renders a knowledge of its nature still more interesting to us is, that the numberless stars which compose the universe, appear, by the strictest analogy, to be similar bodies. Their innate light is so intense, that it reaches the eye of the observer from the remotest regions of space, and forcibly claims his notice. Now, if we are convinced that an inquiry into the nature and properties of the sun is highly worthy of our notice, we may also with great satisfaction reflect on the considerable progress that has already been made in our knowledge of this eminent body. It would require a long detail to enumerate all the various discoveries which have been made on this subject; I shall, therefore, content myself with giving only the most capital of them.

scholarly journals No Star Evolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Lev Borisovich Velgas ◽  
Liya Lvovna Iavolinskaia
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Star Evolution ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Universe

In the article, the authors’ concept is presented, according to which all planets rotate about their axis due to their satellites. The planet and its satellite are interconnected by a shared gravity, which moves along the surface of the planet as the result of the satellite moving in an orbit. The discussed movement of gravity applies to all planets and the Sun. The shared gravity is at its maximum on the Earth and Sun surface. Particular celestial bodies have their beginning, evolution and end. On the whole, the Universe has always existed and will always exist, and such major formations as galaxies and stars will never cease to exist.

scholarly journals Synchronism of the Events on the Sun and the Earth - A Sign of External Influence on the Solar System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Endogenous Activity

To solve fundamental and applied problems, it is useful to detect signs of external influences on the Solar system from the synchronous responses of the Earth’s shells, using a systemic and interdisciplinary analysis of solar-terrestrial relations - taking into account, along with solar activity and GCR fluxes, the endogenous activity of the Earth due to gravitational effects on the Earth with the sides of the Moon, the Sun and other celestial bodies of the Solar system during its barycentric motion in the gravitational field of the Galaxy, as well as the effects of perturbations on the Solar system as a whole. At the same time, the mechanism, energy, cyclicity, synchronism, change in the shape of the Earth and gravity, polar asymmetry and jump-like manifestations of solar-terrestrial relations, instability of the Earth’s daily rotation become explainable. The Solar system is subject to external influences of gravity of the heavy planets of Jupiter and Saturn in the course of its barycentric motion in the gravitational field of the Galaxy, as well as the bringing in solar system of additional energy when exposed to a heterogeneous interstellar environment.

Anaximander's Rings

1988 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
István M. Bodnár
Keyword(s):  
Compressed Air ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies

Anaximander is the first philosopher whose theory of the heavens is preserved in broad outlines. According to the sources the celestial bodies are huge rings of compressed air around the earth, each visible only where it is perforated by a tubular vent through which the fire contained in it can shine. Greatest and farthest of them is the sun, next comes the moon and under them there is the ring (or possibly rings) of the stars. It is a common practice to put and answer the following questions:(i) ‘…why he should have placed the stellar circles or rings closer to the earth than are the sun and the moon.’(ii) ‘…why these lower rings of stellar ρ do not obscure the brighter but more distant bodies.’

scholarly journals Field Assessment to Determine the KIBLAH Direction of Mosques in MAKKAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-394
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
North Direction ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Local Gravity ◽  
Declination Angle ◽  
Holy City

Every Muslim must pray to ALLAH five times every day and they must direct their faces toward the KABAH (KIBLAH direction) in each prayer. Muslims Scientifics and Astronomers since the eighth century (A.D) have been concerned with the determination of the KIBLAH direction. The KIBLAH direction at any point on the earth's surface; assuming the earth to be a perfect sphere; is given by the great circle passing through that point and holy city MAKKAH. Furthermore, the KIBLAH direction from the geographic north at this point is the angle between the tangent of the meridian passing through this point and the KABAH (Azimuth). In this context, the KIBLAH direction can be determined by using the spherical triangle between this point, KABAH, and North Pole. Moreover, in MAKKAH itself the KIBLAH direction is the direction of the line connect the point to KABAH. The KIBLAH direction can be determined by many methods as mathematical (by determining the geographic coordinates by GPS, graphical, observe the sun when it's above or below the KABAH, etc. This direction refers to the true north direction which can be located by the magnetic compass when the magnetic declination is known at that point. This study investigates the accuracy of compass in determining the KIBLAH direction in MAKKAH. The methodology includes drawing the azimuth line map which is used in determining the KIBLAH direction at any point in MAKKAH. The KIBLAH direction in a few mosques in MAKKAH has been tested using the azimuth line map and compass during this study. The prismatic compass with a telescope can be used to determine the direction of the KIBLAH in MAKKAH provided that it is not affected by local gravity and that the place of its use is far from the field of local gravity and succession. The KIBLAH direction can be obtained from the map at any location inside MAKKAH. One can be used this technique either to determine KIBLAH direction during the construction of a new mosque or to check the KIBLAH direction in an existing mosque. It should always check the value of the declination angle (δ), in the case used the compass for determining the KABLAH direction because it changes annually within 3 minutes per year. The compass should not be used if the angle of difference is not known and in this case Theodolite or any other device can be used for setting out the KIBLAH direction after knowing the true north direction

Introduction

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Kennel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Distinct Region ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Roman Antiquity

In the year 1600, the the man about to become physician to Queen Elizabeth I of England published a long treatise summarizing his two decades of experimentation on magnetism. After disposing of such issues as whether garlic causes magnets to “lose their virtue” William Gilbert recounted his observations upon moving a compass over the surface of a permanent magnet that had been specially fashioned in the form of a sphere (Gilbert, 1893, 1958). The similarity between the compass readings on the surface of his magnet and those recorded in mariners’ charts led Gilbert to conclude that his magnet was a terrella, a little earth, and that our big earth is (among other things) a giant magnet. Gilbert’s little earth organized the pattern of compass readings not only on its surface but also in the space surrounding it. From this, he boldly asserted that the big earth’s magnetic influence continues far into empty space, where no mariner of his day could ever go. The profundity of this remark was not lost on Gilbert’s younger contemporary, Johannes Kepler, who found in it an explanation of the earth’s annual motion around the sun. Kepler reasoned more or less as follows (in modern language): Since the earth and the sun are both celestial bodies, they both should rotate, and they both should have magnetic fields surrounding them in space. Their two rotating fields interact somehow, somewhere, in the space between them, communicating the sun’s rotational motion to the earth and pushing the earth around its orbit. In this curious way, Kepler might have been the first to perceive that the sun acts upon terrestrial magnetism. He was not the last. In 1580, Kepler’s teacher, Michael Maestlin, had recorded an observation of a distinct region of oscillating luminosity in the northern sky, an aurora. The aurora had been a topic of scientific interest since Graeco-Roman antiquity [of particular importance was Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) discussion of it in his Meteorology], but it had become an object of superstition in the European Middle Ages, and scientific interest in it only began to re-emerge in the second half of the 16th century (Link, 1957).

The Architectural Design of Natural Physics in the Qur’an: nalytical study of its objectives and philosophy

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Abdurezak Hashi Abdulahi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Philosophical Questions

Numerous Qur’anic verses elucidate the structural design of the celestial bodies of the physical cosmos such as the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the Stars, and the natural rules (sunan) governing such planets in the space. Though a large portion of the Qur’an illuminates the rules of the natural sciences, including the architectural design of the physical world, however, it emphasizes on the worth of signals beyond the scientific natural sciences. As such, the enduring attractive architectural design of the natural physics, the diversity of its subject matter and the expediency of its environmental climate, in the Qur’anic view, are not without philosophy and aim. Besides the functional consistency of the natural physics to serve humanity (taskhÊr), according to the Qur’an, the rules of nature are ayÉt, i.e., signboards, which indicate to ultimate destinations or goals. Hence, the architectural design of the natural physics is both purposive and evocative. Therefore, philosophy of natural physics, which is the study of the philosophical questions underlying the cosmological universe, is a field which the Qur’an required man to reflect upon. Similarly, scholars of philosophy of science agree on the necessity of exploring not only the sciences of the natural world but also its metaphysical indications, objectives and implications. This is because of the fact that, scientific findings and statements are no longer merely neutral accounts without meaningful signals and philosophy. Through analytical and textual methods, this paper attempts to examine the philosophy and objectives of the architectural design of natural physics from the Qur’anic perspective.

scholarly journals ANALISIS STILISTIKA SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA DALAM CERPEN REMBULAN DALAM CAPUCINO: KAJIAN POSTMODERNISME JEAN FRANCOIS LYOTARD [Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Literary Stylistics in “A Short Story Rembulan dalam Capucino”: A Study of Jean Francois Lyotard Postmodernism]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kahar Dwi Prihantono
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Pablo Neruda ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Language Play ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Celestial Bodies

The research analyzes literary stylistics of Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s short story, "Rembulan dalam Capucino ",by taking advantages of Lyotard’s postmodernismperspectives. By applying andescriptive method, the writer found postmodern storytelling stylistics involving at least seven postmodern styles, namely  fragmentation, sublim language play, pastiche, parody, kitsch, camp, and schizophrenia. Fragmentation wasfound in the style of merging separate fragments of rembulan and creating its new meanings.Sublime language play was seen on SGA trials to change something impossible to be possible. Pastiche style was seen in the quotation of Pablo Neruda's poem which expressed it took a glance to love someone and it took a very long time to forget someone. Parodic style was seen inthe exchange of “moon” for “soto Betawi” in Italian restaurant. Camp appeared in the elimination of characters’ names as in common short stories. Schizophrenia arose at SGA's story about a“moon”(rembulan) that could serve as a sign or symbol of shifted meaning between the marker and the mark. When the established meaning of the “moon”(rembulan) referred to the 'celestial bodies which surround the earth, shine at night by the reflection of the sun' and 'night beauty', SGA shifted its meaning as a burden of forgetting someone.Penelitian ini menganalisis stilistika sastra Seno Gumira Ajidarma (SGA) dalam cerita pendek “Rembulan dalam Capucino” dari sudut pandang postmodern Lyotard. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, penulis menemukan kepostmodernan gaya SGA yang melibatkan sekurang-kurangnya tujuh gaya postmodernisme, yakni fragmentasi, permainan bahasa yang sublim, pastiche, parodi, kitsch, camp, dan skizofrenia. Gaya fragmentasi terlihat pada gaya penggabungan sejumlah fragmen terpisah tentang rembulan sehingga menciptakan makna baru. Permainan bahasa yang sublim tampak pada permainan SGA mengubah sesuatu yang tidak mungkin menjadi mungkin. Gaya pastiche terlihat pada pengutipan puisi Pablo Neruda yang menceritakan singkatnya mencintai seseorang dan lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk melupakan seseorang. Gaya parodi terlihat pada penukaran rembulan dengan soto Betawi di restoran Italia. Gaya kitsch, Gaya camp muncul pada peniadaan nama-nama tokoh selayaknya cerpen kebanyakan. Gaya skizofrenia muncul pada pengisahan SGA mengenai rembulan yang dapat dijadikansebagai tanda atau simbol makna yangbergeser antara penanda danpetandanya. Ketika makna rembulan yang telah mapan mengacu pada ‘benda langit yg mengitari bumi, bersinar pada malam hari karena pantulan sinar matahari’ dan ‘kecantikan malam’, SGA menggeser maknanya sebagai sebuah beban melupakan seseorang.

scholarly journals Gravitational Field Intensity and Shifting of Waves

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
Sankar Palchoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies

The celestial bodies like the sun, stars, etc., are the owner of higher gravitational field intensity areas and the ‎source of various ‎kinds of waves. Waves rush from higher gravitational field intensity areas like the sun to lower ‎gravitational field intensity ‎areas like the earth. This paper, finding out that the wave exchanges some ‎force during traveling from the sun to the ground. ‎Every wave has a frequency and each frequency of a wave ‎has two parts, crest and trough and both together is a complete ‎single frequency.‎

Seti Space Missions

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 761-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Maccone
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Gravitational Lens ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Space Antenna ◽  
Focal Distance ◽  
Large Space ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Space Antennas ◽  
New Space

AbstractSETI from space is currently envisaged in three ways: i) by large space antennas orbiting the Earth that could be used for both VLBI and SETI (VSOP and RadioAstron missions), ii) by a radiotelescope inside the Saha far side Moon crater and an Earth-link antenna on the Mare Smythii near side plain. Such SETIMOON mission would require no astronaut work since a Tether, deployed in Moon orbit until the two antennas landed softly, would also be the cable connecting them. Alternatively, a data relay satellite orbiting the Earth-Moon Lagrangian pointL2would avoid the Earthlink antenna, iii) by a large space antenna put at the foci of the Sun gravitational lens: 1) for electromagnetic waves, the minimal focal distance is 550 Astronomical Units (AU) or 14 times beyond Pluto. One could use the huge radio magnifications of sources aligned to the Sun and spacecraft; 2) for gravitational waves and neutrinos, the focus lies between 22.45 and 29.59 AU (Uranus and Neptune orbits), with a flight time of less than 30 years. Two new space missions, of SETI interest if ET’s use neutrinos for communications, are proposed.

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