Implementation of mamdani fuzzy implication in predicting traffic volume and duration of green lights on an intersection

Traffic congestion at an intersection could be caused by the volume of vehicles that exceed the road capacity, the duration of the green light that is fixed, and so on. The volume of vehicles per unit time at an intersection cannot be known with certainty. Therefore, we need to predict it using fuzzy logic, specifically the Mamdani fuzzy implications. The problems are as follows: how are the input variables to be analyzed with Mamdani fuzzy implications; how are the prediction results, and how is the accuracy based on MAPE. The case study was conducted at two intersections in Semarang City. The tests were carried out using Matlab and manual calculations. The input variables in traffic volume prediction are MC, LV, HV, and time. While the input in the prediction of the duration of the green light is the number of motorcycles and cars. Based on the predictions, there are 74 vehicles (per hour) at the Kaligarang intersection in the east-north direction, there are 111 vehicles at the Kariadi intersection in the south-north direction, and the predictions are good and very accurate (measured by MAPE). The duration of the green light at the Kaligarang intersection on the west approach is 86 seconds, the duration on the Kariadi intersection on the north approach is 81 seconds, and the predictions are good and very accurate.

Seismicity around Cirata Dam, West Java, Indonesia based on BMKG local seismic network

The addition of seismic stations to the seismic network of BMKG in 2019 has successfully located some local earthquakes. In the early 2020 occurred significant earthquakes around Cirata Dam, West Java. During a period of January-March 2020, there have been 5 earthquakes with magnitude ranging from 1.8-3.7. Those earthquakes caused ground shaking up to III MMI intensity scale around the epicenters area. The relocation of the hypocenter using the Teletomo-DD method is applied in this study so that the data can be interpreted to show the fault geometry in this area. The relocated epicenters distribute in the east side of the dam elongated in SSW-NNE direction. Vertical distribution of relocated hypocenters show that the earthquake occurred at 1.1 km down to 14.5 km depth. Hypocenter depths are getting deeper to the north direction, this suggest dip orientation of the fault plane. The reconstructed dip orientation is consistent with nodal plane resulted from moment tensor inversion results, that shown fault planes oriented in N 2290 –2720 E direction and dip 490–500 to the north direction.

TRAVEL TIME RELIABILITY INDICES FOR URBAN ROUTES IN BAGHDAD CITY

Reliability is one of the main metrics of transport system efficiency and quality of service. For both travelers and transport management organizations, the high variance of road travel times has become a problem. Reliability has been identified as one of the main areas of interest of the Strategic Highway Research Plan II. In order to evaluate congestion and unexpected changes in travel time, reliability metrics are increasingly used. GPS devices provide for exact assessment of travel time for each connection along the routes used for this research. (14 Ramadan arterial street, Al-Karada arterial street and Damascus arterial street). A GPS-equipped instrumented car was used to gather 50 test runs at peak and off peak times. At peak and off peak hours, 50 test runs were obtained using a GPS-equipped instrumented car. Raising the buffer time index results in inferior conditions for reliability. A buffer index of AL- Karada street was created about 53% and 30% for Damascus street and finally for 14 Ramadan street which present a 29% buffer index for north direction. As for its southern direction 14 Ramadan street created a buffer index of about 65% and 33% for AL- Karada street and finally for Damascus street which present a 29% buffer index. In addition, travel time index for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively is about 2.8 %, 3.3% and 2.6% for north direction, as for its southern direction the travel time index is obtained for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively were a 3%,3.7%, and 2.5%. Finally, the 95% percentile travel time for observed three selected routes in this study, the extra delay was felt on each route (1627, 2212, and 1192) sec. for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) for north direction, as for its southern direction the extra delay that perceived on each route (2221, 2132, and 975) sec. for (14 Ramadan street, AL- Karada street and Damascus street) respectively.

Expanding transboundary tourist space – The growing significance of the Augustów Canal

Background: The Belarusian-Polish borderland has great tourism potential but in the same time suffers from many restrictions, especially geopolitical ones. An overall facilitation of foreigners’ trips into Belarus has facilitated the development of cross-border tourism and local resources could be used by tourists. One of the most important tourist attractions is the Augustów Canal. This article seeks to discuss changes made to one border crossing between Poland and Belarus whose location may be considered exceptional, given that it is on the Augustów Canal. Material and methods: Analysis of historical, legal and statistical materials; cartographic analysis and fieldwork. Results: Eased restrictions on crossing the border (i.e. 5 years of gradual, stepwise introduction of visafree regimes and zones by the Belarusian authorities) have combined with the emergence of new possibilities to travel along the Canal by bicycle or on foot to increase numbers of foreign tourists (including Poles) who take advantage of the visa-free opportunities. Conclusions: Opportunities for the development of tourism (especially of a transboundary nature) are influenced by the simultaneous “internationalisation” and “touristification” of border crossings in Belarus’s western borderland area, which serve as a tourist destination of global significance (the Augustów Canal) and/or traffic at the individual-visitor level. The factor of overriding importance encouraging steady enlargement of tourist space and its utilisation either side of the border is the so-called “Brześć-Grodno Space”, as a visa-free continuous corridor for tourism established in the period since November 2019. This allows for visits into western Belarus, in particular in a south-north direction. The Augustów (Augustovsky) Canal and its Rudawka-Lesnaya border crossing are expected to play a particular part in this process.

The True North Urgency of the Earth in Determining the Direction of the Qibla According to Fiqh and Falak Science

True North true north is any point on the earth to the North pole, this is because the North and South poles point precisely to the earth's axis of rotation. Therefore true north is North based on the earth's axis not North based on the earth's magnetism. So the difference is true North shows the true north direction of the earth while magnetic North is the North direction of the magnetic compass needle. Magnetic north does not coincide with Earth's true north. To find out the true North of the earth using a compass, you need to know the magnetic declination first. To know the magnetic declination can be done through a magnetic declination calculator such as WMM (world magnetic model) which can be downloaded through the crowdmag application playstore. In determining the direction of the Qibla it is required to determine the True North point of the earth.

Field Assessment to Determine the KIBLAH Direction of Mosques in MAKKAH

Every Muslim must pray to ALLAH five times every day and they must direct their faces toward the KABAH (KIBLAH direction) in each prayer. Muslims Scientifics and Astronomers since the eighth century (A.D) have been concerned with the determination of the KIBLAH direction. The KIBLAH direction at any point on the earth's surface; assuming the earth to be a perfect sphere; is given by the great circle passing through that point and holy city MAKKAH. Furthermore, the KIBLAH direction from the geographic north at this point is the angle between the tangent of the meridian passing through this point and the KABAH (Azimuth). In this context, the KIBLAH direction can be determined by using the spherical triangle between this point, KABAH, and North Pole. Moreover, in MAKKAH itself the KIBLAH direction is the direction of the line connect the point to KABAH. The KIBLAH direction can be determined by many methods as mathematical (by determining the geographic coordinates by GPS, graphical, observe the sun when it's above or below the KABAH, etc. This direction refers to the true north direction which can be located by the magnetic compass when the magnetic declination is known at that point. This study investigates the accuracy of compass in determining the KIBLAH direction in MAKKAH. The methodology includes drawing the azimuth line map which is used in determining the KIBLAH direction at any point in MAKKAH. The KIBLAH direction in a few mosques in MAKKAH has been tested using the azimuth line map and compass during this study. The prismatic compass with a telescope can be used to determine the direction of the KIBLAH in MAKKAH provided that it is not affected by local gravity and that the place of its use is far from the field of local gravity and succession. The KIBLAH direction can be obtained from the map at any location inside MAKKAH. One can be used this technique either to determine KIBLAH direction during the construction of a new mosque or to check the KIBLAH direction in an existing mosque. It should always check the value of the declination angle (δ), in the case used the compass for determining the KABLAH direction because it changes annually within 3 minutes per year. The compass should not be used if the angle of difference is not known and in this case Theodolite or any other device can be used for setting out the KIBLAH direction after knowing the true north direction

Location effects across northeastern Europe on bioactive compounds in apple fruit

A multi-location trial was performed in apple orchards planted in 2005 under a uniform scheme in Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the geographical apple-tree growing location on the accumulation of dominant bioactive compounds in apple fruits: phenolics and triterpenes as the most valuable substances for human health. The study included two apple cultivars, ‘Auksis’ and ‘Ligol’, on B.396 rootstock and was carried out from 2016 to 2018. Geographical apple-tree growing location had a significant impact on the composition and total content of the tested bioactive compounds in apple fruits. Increased accumulation of phenolic and triterpene compounds was recorded in the south–north direction. This could be explained by the different climate conditions in the trial locations: the sum of active temperatures gradually decreased by 200–300 °C in the south–north direction, and the vegetation period becomes shorter. Apples grown in Estonia, depending on the tested cultivar, had 77–139% more total phenolic compounds. Significant differences were recorded for all groups of phenolic compounds. The differences between the trial sites in accumulation of triterpene compounds were lower, although apples in at farthest north location had 18–32% more total triterpene compounds than apples grown in south.

The Effect of Depth Shading Device on Inner Space Illumination in Jakarta

This research tries to reveal the performance of shading devices towards quantity of natural lighting entering the room. Investigation concerning shading devices (ratio between the depth of shading devices and the height of fenestration) that suitable with illumination standard needs to be done. This research also tries to find out the influence of shading devices orientation on illuminance received by the room. This research examines the performance of three types external shading devices (eggcrate, overhang, sidefins) towards natural lighting entering the room. The analysis performed by Radiance IES software for illuminance performance entering the room. Maximum illuminance reduction for three types of shading device achieved to north direction in R1 reference point. While minimum reduction for overhang and sidefins achieved to south orientation in R2 reference point. Except for eggcrate minimum illuminance reduction achieved to west direction in R2 reference point. It can be concluded that in general the three basic models of shading device have a strong influence on the direction towards the north and have a small effect on the direction of the south. In addition to the three basic elements of the shading element, the type of eggcrate shading device has the greatest effect of reducing illumination compared to the other two types. While the sidefins type has the smallest illumination effect.

Evaluating the effect of biological stabilization on landslide control at the edge of forest road

Landslide is one of the negative sides of building non-standard roads in forest areas. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of biological stabilization on landslide at the edge of forest roads in south and north aspects. For this purpose, in Neka forest (Mazandaran province) three treatments including control, sliding and stabilized areas covered by 35-years-old even-aged alder trees were selected. Benchmarking and soil sampling were conducted during three periods including July, November after rainfall events and March after rainfall events. The results showed that the mean movement of landslide in north direction was 9 cm, while this value was 6 cm in south direction. Sliding in north direction was 32% more than that in south direction. Biological stabilization by alder in north and south direction caused a 33 and 66% reduction in landslide movement, respectively. The characteristics of soil mechanics were different between stabilized and sliding areas. Besides, the soil texture in north direction for control and stabilized areas was clay with high liquid limit (CH) and for sliding area it was clay with low liquid limit, while this value in south direction was CH for three treatments of control, stabilized and sliding areas. To plan biological stabilization, the mechanical characteristics of soil, site features, and appropriate plant species should be considered as important factors.