scholarly journals Hydrologic Response of Meadow Restoration the First Year Following Removal of Encroached Conifers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Surfleet ◽  
Thomas Sanford ◽  
Gregory VanOosbree ◽  
John Jasbinsek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hydrologic Change ◽  
Montane Meadow

This study examines the hydrologic response of a montane meadow the first winter following restoration by removal of encroached conifers. Hydrologic change was evaluated through statistical comparison of soil moisture and water table depths between the restored meadow, Marian Meadow, and a Control Meadow before and after restoration. Meadow water budgets and durations of water table depths during the growing season were evaluated. Electrical resistivity tomography profiles were collected to improve the spatial interpretation of subsurface water beyond well measurements. The first year following restoration Marian Meadow had a statistically significant increase in volumetric soil moisture content of 4% with depth to the water table decreasing on average by 0.15 m. The water budget for the meadows demonstrated that the hydrologic change following removal of encroached conifers was primarily due to a reduction of vegetation interception capture. Soil evapotranspiration rates in both the Control and Marian Meadows were relatively stable ranging from 268–288 mm/yr with the exception of the year following conifer removal in Marian Meadow with 318 mm/yr. The increase in soil evapotranspiration in the first post restoration year is attributed to loss of vegetation cover and higher proportions of bare soil created from the harvest operations. The duration of post-restoration water table depths during the growing season at Marian Meadow were less than or equal to 0.7 m and 0.3 m for 85 days and 50 days, respectively, indicating hydrologic conditions conducive to meadow vegetation.

scholarly journals Hydrologic Response of a Montane Meadow from Conifer Removal and Upslope Forest Thinning

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Christopher Surfleet ◽  
Noel Fie ◽  
John Jasbinsek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Forest Thinning ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Hydrologic Change ◽  
Montane Meadow

This study evaluates the hydrologic response of restoration of a montane meadow by removal of encroached Pinus contorta and thinning of the adjacent forest. It is now a follow-up with four years of post-restoration data, on a previous analysis of a hydrologic response of the same meadow one year following restoration. A hydrologic change was evaluated through a statistical comparison of soil moisture and depth to groundwater between the restored Marian Meadow and a Control Meadow. Meadow water budgets and durations of water table depths during the growing season were evaluated. The four years following restoration of Marian Meadow had an increase in volumetric soil moisture during the wet season, but decreased soil moisture during the dry season. An average decrease in depth to groundwater of 0.15 m was found, which is consistent with the first-year post-restoration. The water budget confirms the first-year results that the hydrologic change following removal of encroached conifers was primarily due to a reduction of vegetation interception capture. There was no measurable difference in depth to groundwater or soil moisture following the upslope forest thinning likely due to the low level of forest removal with 2.8 m2/hectare reduction of the forest basal area. The cost of restoration to water gained was $0.69 USD/1000 L ($2.62 USD/1000 gal.).

A Soil Water Balance Model for Subsurface Water Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Kolars ◽  
Xinhua Jia ◽  
Dean D. Steele ◽  
Thomas F. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Scheduling Method

Abstract. Most cropland in the upper Midwest will experience periods of excess water and drought conditions during a growing season. When the objective is to produce high yields, effective use of a subsurface water management system can help provide optimal soil moisture conditions for growth. A subsurface water management system includes draining excess water from the soil profile through subsurface drainage (SSD), managing the water table through controlled drainage (CD), or adding water to the drainage system during dry conditions (Subirrigation – SI). Subsurface water management can become difficult when determining the time and amount needed for SSD and SI, and (or) the optimal water table (WT) depth when using CD due to water movement in both the upward and downward directions. In this study, a 21 ha field with CD, a 17-ha field with CD + SI, and a 16 ha control field (surface drained only) over clay loam and silty clay loam soils were used to evaluate subsurface water management scheduling for corn (2013) and soybean (2014). The Checkbook Irrigation Scheduling method (Lundstrom and Stegman, 1988) was modified to include an algorithm to estimate the daily water balance contribution due to upward flux (UF) from a shallow water table. For the 2013 growing season, the UF reduction of the daily soil moisture deficit (SMD) was minimal due to deeper WT over the growing season and there was little difference between the modified and original Checkbook methods. For the 2014 growing season, the SMD estimates from the Modified Checkbook method produced closer estimates to the in-field SMD compared to the original Checkbook method. Therefore, adding SSD and shallow WT contributions in the Checkbook method produces similar, if not more accurate, estimations of daily SMD that can be used for subsurface water management. Keywords: Checkbook irrigation scheduling method, Model development, Subirrigation, Subsurface drainage.

scholarly journals Coupled stochastic dynamics of water table and soil moisture in bare soil conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ridolfi ◽  
P. D'Odorico ◽  
F. Laio ◽  
S. Tamea ◽  
I. Rodriguez-Iturbe
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions

scholarly journals Eco-hydrological effects of stream-aquifer water interaction: A case study of the Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Zeng ◽  
Zhenghui Xie ◽  
Yan Yu ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Linying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Level ◽  
River Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Heihe River Basin ◽  
Heihe River

Abstract. A scheme describing the process of stream-aquifer interaction was incorporated into the land model CLM4.5 to investigate the effects of stream water conveyance over riparian banks on ecological and hydrological processes. Two groups of simulations for five typical river cross-sections in the middle reaches of the arid zone Heihe River Basin were conducted. The simulated riparian ground water table at a propagation distance of less than 1 km followed the intra-annual flu ctuation of the river water level, and the correlation was excellent (R2 = 0.9) between the river water level and the groundwater table at the distance 60 m from the river. The correlation rapidly decreased as distance increased. In response to the variability of the water table, soil moisture at deep layers also followed the variation of river water level all year, while soil moisture at the surface layer was more sensitive to the river water level in the drought season than in the wet season. With increased soil moisture, the average gross primary productivity and respiration of riparian vegetation within 300 m from the river at a typical section of the river increased by approximately 0.03 mg C m−2 s−1 and 0.02 mg C m −2 s−1, respectively, in the growing season. Consequently, the net ecosystem exchange increased by approximately 0.01 mg C m−2 s−1, and the evapotranspiration increased by approximately 3 mm d−1. Furthermore, the length of the growing season of riparian vegetation also increased by 2–3 months due to the sustaining water recharge from the river.

EVAPORATION FROM BARE SOIL COMPARED WITH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A POTATO CROP

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Bare Surface

Floating lysimeters were used to measure evaporation from bare soil and evapotranspiration from a potato crop during three consecutive seasons. Evaporation from bare soil amounted to 87.5% of the water lost by evapotranspiration from the crop. Moisture loss from the bare and cropped areas differed only for a short period of time at mid-season. It was concluded that, during this period, plant roots utilized moisture stored at depths beyond which water was available for evaporation. Later in the season when this source of water was exhausted losses from the two areas were again equal. Moisture conservation by summer-fallow was limited to that amount which was stored at a depth penetrated by plant roots but unavailable to evaporation from the bare surface. The amount of water conserved in these experiments was small but probably dependent upon the moisture characteristics of the soil, the depth of root penetration, and the frequency with which the soil moisture reservoir was recharged during the growing season.

scholarly journals WATER TABLE BEHAVIOR AND SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT DURING THE WINTER

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. van SCHAIK ◽  
E. RAPP
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Southern Alberta

Water table recession in an irrigation project in southern Alberta was compared with moisture translocation in covered lysimeters during two winters. Upward translocation to the surface 60 cm during one winter amounted to 1 to 2 cm of water in dry soils having a grass cover, and 2 to 2.3 cm in moist soils with no vegetation. Observations between growing season and freeze-up indicated that a considerable amount of water may drain downward. The upper 30 cm of soil generally is not influenced by upward translocation if the soil is dry before freeze-up.

Effect of length of growing season on development of hard seeds in yellow serradella and their subsequent softening at various depths of burial

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Revell ◽  
G. B. Taylor ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Softening Mechanism ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
A Site ◽  
Seed Yields

Effects of withholding water at 4 (W4) and 8 (W8) weeks after commencement of flowering on seed development in 2 accessions of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.), cv. Avila and accession GEH72-1A, were investigated in swards at a site near Perth, Western Australia. Softening of resulting hard seeds during the following summer and autumn was then studied in newly ripened pods placed at the soil surface, and at depths of 0.5 and 2 cm in the soil at Merredin in the first week of January. Proportions of soft seeds were determined in the original seed populations and in pods taken from the field in March and June. In 2 further treatments, proportions of soft seeds were determined in June in (i) pods that had been at the soil surface until they were buried at 2 cm in March, and (ii) in pods that had been buried at 2 cm until March, when they were returned to the soil surface. Seed yields from W4 were about 35% of those from W8 owing to reductions in pod numbers (partly as a result of more flower shedding in W4), number of seeds per pod, and seed size. Developing seeds became germinable between 21 and 29 days after anthesis when seed dry weights were between 0.9 and 1.4 mg, which was about the same time that they developed the capacity for seed coat impermeability. Viability of hard seeds was almost 100% from W8 but only 65% from the W4 treatments. Less than 5% of the newly ripened viable seeds were soft in any of the treatments. Length of growing season had no effect on seed softening at the soil surface and only a relatively small and variable effect on softening in buried pods. At the June sampling, up to 16% of Avila and 5% of GEH72-1A seeds had softened at the soil surface. Burial of pods increased proportions of soft seeds up to 85% in Avila and 53% in GEH72-1A. Whereas most of the seed softening in Avila occurred before March, similar amounts of softening occurred before and after the March sampling in GEH72-1A. Burial of pods in March increased seed softening by June in GEH72-1A but reduced softening in Avila, whereas transfer of buried pods to the soil surface in March had the reverse effect. This seed softening behaviour is explained in terms of the 2-stage seed softening mechanism. Burial of newly ripened seeds by tillage or stock trampling during the first summerŒautumn appears a feasible management option for improving first year regeneration in at least the softer seeded accessions of yellow serradella.

scholarly journals REDUCTION IN GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE AFTER OUT-PLANTING

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Before And After

Several age-classes of nursery stock were sampled before and after the 1963 growing season by excavation of trees. Samples were also planted out and later excavated. Studies of several criteria to express check were made and leader length selected as the most practicable.It is suggested that, by definition, a tree be considered in check until it has achieved a rate of terminal growth equivalent to that it would have attained in the next season in the nursery. Average leader lengths of unchecked trees are suggested for 2-0, 3-0 and 2-2 stock. Check was found to reduce leader length by about 50% in the first year after outplanting. Other experiments indicate that the effect continued for ten years or more in many instances.

scholarly journals Quantitative Estimation of Soil-Ground Water Storage Utilization during the Crop Growing Season in Arid Regions with Shallow Water Table Depth

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3351
Author(s):  
Tianxing Zhao ◽  
Yan Zhu ◽  
Jingwei Wu ◽  
Ming Ye ◽  
Wei Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Shallow Water Table

Water storage in unsaturated and saturated zones during the crop non-growing season is one of the important supplementary water resources to meet crop water requirements in arid areas with shallow water table depth. It is necessary to analyze utilization of the soil-ground water storage during the crop growing season and its attribution to irrigation during the non-growing season. To facilitate the analysis, a new method based on measurements of soil moisture content and water table depth is developed. The measurements used in this study include (1) 15-year data of soil moisture content within a depth of 1 m from the land surface and water table depth measured in Jiefangzha, including its four subareas and (2) 4-year data of the same kind in Yonglian, located in arid northern China. The soil-ground water storage utilization is calculated as the difference of water storage between the beginning and end of the crop growing season in the whole computational soil profile. The results of average soil-ground water storage utilization in Jiefangzha and its four subareas and Yonglian are 121 mm, 126 mm, 113 mm, 124 mm, 185 mm and 117 mm, and the corresponding average utilization efficiencies in the non-growing season are 32.2%, 32.5%, 31.5%, 31.6%, 57.3% and 47.6%, respectively. Further, the water table fluctuation method was used to estimate the variation in water storage. The coefficients of soil-ground water storage utilization, soil-ground water storage utilization below 1 m soil depth and ground water utilization are defined, and their average values are 0.271, 0.111 and 0.026 in Jiefangzha, respectively. Then, the contribution of soil-ground water storage utilization to actual evapotranspiration is evaluated, which are over 23.5% in Jiefangzha and Yonglian. These results indicate that the soil-ground water storage plays an important role in the ecological environment in arid areas with shallow water table depth.

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