Evaluation of the Effect of Hamao Detention Pond on Excess Runoff from the Abukuma River in 2019 and Simple Remodeling of the Pond to Increase Its Flood Control Function

Due to the recent increase in the intensity of rainstorms, the Japanese government has announced a new policy of flexible flood mitigation measures that presupposes the release of water volumes exceeding the river channel capacity onto floodplains. However, due to the limited amount of quantitative measurement data on excess runoff, it will take time to formulate planning standards for remodeling and newly constructing flood control facilities reasonable enough under current budgetary constraints. In this study, the capacity shortage of a flood detention pond was evaluated against the excess runoff from a severe 2019 flood event by combining the fragmentary measurement data with a numerical flow simulation. Although the numerical model was a rather simple one commonly used for rough estimation of inundation areas in Japan, the results were overall consistent with the observations. Next, in accordance with the new policy, an inexpensive remodeling of the detention basin, which was designed according to conventional standards, was simulated; the upstream side of the surrounding embankment was removed so that excess water flowed up onto the floodplain gradually. Numerical experiments using the simple model indicated that the proposed remodeling increased the effectiveness of flood control remarkably, even for floods greater than the 2019 flood, without much inundation damage to upstream villages.

Prototype System Water Level Reservoir untuk Pengendalian Kelebihan Air dengan Mikrokontroller Arduino Uno R3

PDAM Loa Kulu Branch still uses sticks or poles as an indicator of the water level in the reservoir. Reservoir is a place to store clean water production from PDAM, the weakness of using sticks or poles is when the operator does not monitor continuously causing air loss when production becomes large. The goal of the study was to design a water-level prototype to control excess water in the reservoir. The method used is a prototype with the stage of gathering information through interviewing PDAM staff, creating and repairing prototypes and testing prototypes. The test used hardware consisting of Arduino uno r3, ultrasonic sensor hc-sr04, flowmeter sensor yf-s201, 16 x 2 lcd, relay module, buzzer, solenoid valve 12 V_dc, pump 12 V_dc and display measurement results in the visual studio application 2019. Our findings are that the length of reservoir charging with an average input discharge of 3.6 liters / minute is 2.93 minutes. As for the length of emptying the reservoir with an average output discharge of 1.06 liters / minute is 12.10 minutes. The conclusion of this study is that the system can monitor the water level inside the reservoir automatically and know the time needed for the feeling and emptying process of the reservoir.

Prototype System Water Level Reservoir untuk Pengendalian Kelebihan Air dengan Mikrokontroller Arduino Uno R3

PDAM Loa Kulu Branch still uses sticks or poles as an indicator of the water level in the reservoir. Reservoir is a place to store clean water production from PDAM, the weakness of using sticks or poles is when the operator does not monitor continuously causing air loss when production becomes large. The goal of the study was to design a water-level prototype to control excess water in the reservoir. The method used is a prototype with the stage of gathering information through interviewing PDAM staff, creating and repairing prototypes and testing prototypes. The test used hardware consisting of Arduino uno r3, ultrasonic sensor hc-sr04, flowmeter sensor yf-s201, 16 x 2 lcd, relay module, buzzer, solenoid valve 12 V_dc, pump 12 V_dc and display measurement results in the visual studio application 2019. Our findings are that the length of reservoir charging with an average input discharge of 3.6 liters / minute is 2.93 minutes. As for the length of emptying the reservoir with an average output discharge of 1.06 liters / minute is 12.10 minutes. The conclusion of this study is that the system can monitor the water level inside the reservoir automatically and know the time needed for the feeling and emptying process of the reservoir.

Diagnosing High Water Production in Kalama Field, Niger Delta

Produced water is water trapped in underground formations that is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. It is by far the largest volume by-product or waste stream associated with oil and gas production especially in brown fields. Management of produced water present challenges and costs to operations. In this paper, the possible causes, effects and solutions of high water-cut is being investigated in some production oil wells in Niger Delta, using Kalama field as a case study. Diagnostic and performance plots were developed in order to determine the source of water as well as to evaluate the impact of excess water production on oil production and in field economics in general. Results obtained from the diagnostic plots showed the possible sources of water production are channeling behind casing and multi-layered channeling. The recommended remediation is cementation through a workover operation. Also, a concise step to be taken for identifying excess water was also developed in this work to effectively control excess water production in oil producing wells.

Physicochemical Properties of Enzymatically Modified Starches

The physicochemical properties of native, annealed and enzyme-treated chickpea (CP), corn (CS), Turkish bean (TB) and sweet potato (SPS) were investigated. Germinated sorghum extract (GSET) was used as the source of enzymes. Starches were annealed in excess water by holding the slurry at 60 °C for 60 min with or without GSET. The flow curves/rheological data were fitted to the power law, Casson and Herschel–Bulkley models. Starches exhibited shear thinning behavior and a variation in the flow behavior index (n) (0.34–0.82) as a function of the starch type. The consistency index (k) of CP and CS decreased with annealing and GSET treatment but increased for TB and SPS. Annealed and GSET-treated SPS exhibited the highest yield stress compared to the other starches, except for CP. The temperature dependency of all starches was well described by the Arrhenius model (r2 = 0.88–0.99). The activation energy (Ea) values were in the range of 660–5359 (J/mol). The TB exhibited the most Ea and SPS the least. With the exception of SPS, annealing appeared to increase the Ea of all tested starches, but the range of Ea was broader for SPS and CS. Annealed and GSET starches exhibited an increase in the gelatinization temperatures (onset and peak) and a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH). The syneresis and water holding capacity decreased after annealing or GSET treatment.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE DRAINAGE NETWORK SYSTEM IN THE HOUSING AREA OF VILA RIZKI ILHAMI 2 SAWANGAN, DEPOK-WEST JAVA

<p>The impact that occurs from the rampant development of residential areas will certainly make the volume of surface water flow or run off become large. Drainage is a system created to deal with the problem of excess water flow that is above the surface of the earth, some of the things that cause excess water are caused by high water intensity and the long duration of rain. In this study, the problem that occurred was in the drainage network in the residential area of Vila Rizki Ilhami 2 Sawangan, which was a transfer of land functions from infiltration land into a residential area. Evaluation that must be done is covering hydrological analysis and hydraulics analysis to get the amount of flood discharge plan that will be used to analyze the capacity of the planned channel so that no flooding occurs at the location of the settlement area when the settlement is built, recommendations for drainage system design and determine the size of the river dimension / size / times that should be made when accommodating water discharge during maximum rain so that the flood control system can be well integrated. With 3 methods of calculating rainfall, the method of calculation is selected using the gumbel method which is SNI (Indonesian National Standard) with a return period of 2 years, 5 years and 10 years. From the evaluation obtained is to add height height or free board to accommodate flood discharge plan.</p>

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hyponatraemia associated with oral water intake in adults: a systematic review

IntroductionExcessive water intake is rarely associated with life-threatening hyponatraemia. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hyponatraemia associated with excess water intake.MethodsThis review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All studies (case reports, observational or interventional studies) reporting excess water intake and hyponatraemia in adults (1946–2019) were included.ResultsA total of 2970 articles were identified and 177 were included (88.7% case reports), consisting of 590 patients. The mean age was 46±16 years (95% CI 44 to 48 years), 47% female, 52% had a chronic psychiatric disorder and 31% had no underlying condition. The median volume of water consumed and serum sodium at presentation was 8 L/day (95% CI 8.9 to 12.2 L/day) and 118 mmol/L (95% CI 116 to 118 mmol/L), respectively. The motivator for increased water consumption was psychogenic polydipsia (55%); iatrogenic (13%); exercise (12%); habitual/dipsogenic polydipsia (7%) and other reasons (13%). The clinical features on presentation were severe in 53% (seizures, coma); moderate in 35% (confusion, vomiting, agitation) and mild in 5% (dizziness, lethargy, cognitive deficit) and not reported in 5% of studies. Treatment was supportive in 41% of studies (fluid restriction, treatment of the underlying cause, emergency care), and isotonic and hypertonic saline was used in 18% and 28% of cases, respectively. Treatment-related complications included osmotic demyelination (3%) and rhabdomyolysis (7%), and death occurred in 13% of cases.ConclusionWater intoxication is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and requires daily intake to substantially exceed population-based recommendations. The limitations of this analysis are the low quality and high risk of bias of the included studies.PROSPERO registration numberA pre-existing protocol in the international prospective register of systematic reviews was updated to incorporate any new amendments and reregistered at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42019129809).

Application of hydrometeorological data to analyze water balance conditions in Bengkulu watershed

Abstrak Water balance serves to determine hydrological conditions in a watershed, one of which is by analyzing the surplus (excess water) and deficit (water shortage) that occurs. Extreme surpluses or deficits can cause hydrometeorological disasters, such as floods or droughts. This study aims to calculate the monthly water balance using the Thornthwaite-Mather method to determine variations in the incidence of surplus and deficit months in all three sub-watersheds in Bengkulu Watershed, namely Rindu Hati, Susup, and Bengkulu Hilir sub-watershed. The data used are monthly hydrometeorological data for 2009-2018 (10 years) were divided into two periods of water balance based on land use data. Water balance period 1 (2009-2013) uses 2009 land use data, while period 2 (2014-2018) uses 2014 land use data. The results show that the surplus, deficit, runoff, and discharge in the three sub-watersheds in the Bengkulu watershed are affected by rainfall. In general, the deficit incidents in all three sub-watersheds occur almost every three years. The Rindu Hati and Susup sub-watersheds have the same variations of surplus and deficit month incidents, while the Bengkulu Hilir sub-watershed is different, both in periods 1 and 2. It is not only the rainfall that affects the variation in the events of surplus and deficit in all three sub-watersheds of the Bengkulu watershed, but also the amount of water holding capacity (WHC). Therefore, the application of hydrometeorological data to analyze the water balance conditions in the Bengkulu watershed provides information on climate impact on water resources and environmental impact on flows in the watershed.

Conversion of Organic Matter of Carbonate Deposits in the Hydrothermal Fluid

This present paper investigates the conversion of organic matter in carbonate rocks of the Semiluksko-Mendymsky horizon Volga-Ural Basin under hydrothermal conditions with excess water in subcritical conditions at 613–653 K and 170–200 Bar. It has been found that the content of hydrocarbon extracts increases (relatively) which indicates the oil-generating potential of the studied deposits. Besides, it has been shown that organic matter undergoes oxidation reactions under hydrothermal conditions, as indicated by the presence of oxidized structures in the extracted hydrocarbons. Moreover, our results indicate that increasing the temperature and pressure of the used hydrothermal fluid leads to an increase in the content of n-alkanes C25-C30 and asphaltenes in the extracts. On the other hand, it has been found that saturated, aromatic hydrocarbons and resins content decreases at this stage. The obtained data about the geochemical parameters dependencies of the hydrocarbons obtained from the studied carbonate rock on temperature and pressure associated to hydrothermal effect show possible pathways of migration, genesis, and formation of hydrocarbon deposits.