scholarly journals Comparison of Searching Behaviour of Three Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Water Distribution System Design Optimization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Bi ◽  
Yihui Xu ◽  
Hongyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Run Time

Over the past few decades, various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to the optimization design of water distribution systems (WDSs). An important research area is to compare the performance of these EAs, thereby offering guidance for the selection of the appropriate EAs for practical implementations. Such comparisons are mainly based on the final solution statistics and, hence, are unable to provide knowledge on how different EAs reach the final optimal solutions and why different EAs performed differently in identifying optimal solutions. To this end, this paper aims to compare the real-time searching behaviour of three widely used EAs, which are genetic algorithms (GAs), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the ant colony optimization (ACO). These three EAs are applied to five WDS benchmarking case studies with different scales and complexities, and a set of five metrics are used to measure their run-time searching quality and convergence properties. Results show that the run-time metrics can effectively reveal the underlying searching mechanisms associated with each EA, which significantly goes beyond the knowledge from the traditional end-of-run solution statistics. It is observed that the DE is able to identify better solutions if moderate and large computational budgets are allowed due to its great ability in maintaining the balance between the exploration and exploitation. However, if the computational resources are rather limited or the decision has to be made in a very short time (e.g., real-time WDS operation), the GA can be a good choice as it can always identify better solutions than the DE and ACO at the early searching stages. Based on the results, the ACO performs the worst for the five case study considered. The outcome of this study is the offer of guidance for the algorithm selection based on the available computation resources, as well as knowledge into the EA’s underlying searching behaviours.

scholarly journals An Encoding Technique for Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Power Distribution System Reconfiguration

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Guardado ◽  
F. Rivas-Davalos ◽  
J. Torres ◽  
S. Maximov ◽  
E. Melgoza
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Pareto Optimal Solutions ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Power Distribution Systems ◽  
Encoding Scheme ◽  
Power Distribution System

Network reconfiguration is an alternative to reduce power losses and optimize the operation of power distribution systems. In this paper, an encoding scheme for evolutionary algorithms is proposed in order to search efficiently for the Pareto-optimal solutions during the reconfiguration of power distribution systems considering multiobjective optimization. The encoding scheme is based on the edge window decoder (EWD) technique, which was embedded in the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) and the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The effectiveness of the encoding scheme was proved by solving a test problem for which the true Pareto-optimal solutions are known in advance. In order to prove the practicability of the encoding scheme, a real distribution system was used to find the near Pareto-optimal solutions for different objective functions to optimize.

scholarly journals E-Metering and Fault Detection in Smart Water Distribution Systems using Wireless Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 634-639
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Smart Water

Water distribution system is a network that supplies water to all the consumers through different means. Proper means of providing water to houses without compromising in quantity and quality is always a challenge. As it is a huge network keeping track of the utilization is difficult for the utility. Hence through this project we come up with a solution to solve this issue. Current technologies like Low Power Wide Area Networks, LoRa and sensor deployment techniques have been in research and were also tested in few rural areas but issues due to hardware deployment and large scale real time implementation was a challenge hence through this system we aim to create and simulate a real time scenario to test a sensor network model that could be implemented in large scale further. This project aims in building a wireless sensor network model for a smart water distribution system. In this system there is bidirectional communication between the consumer and the utility. Each house has a meter through which the amount of water consumed is sent to the utility board. The data has two fields containing the house ID and the data (water consumed); it is being sent to the data collection unit (DCU) which in-turn sends it to the central server so that the consumption is monitored in real time. All this is simulated using NETSIM and MATLAB

scholarly journals Smart water grid: a review and a suggestion for water quality monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bharani Baanu ◽  
K. S. Jinesh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Networking Protocols ◽  
Smart Water Grid

Abstract Water is a valuable resource and an elixir of life. It is intimately linked to the living standards around the world. Reducing the water stress and conserving the resource is vital. It is the need of the hour to ameliorate the conventional water resources systems to monitor the water quantity and quality parameters continuously in real-time. Smart solutions play an important role in monitoring the system parameters and make on-site measurements. This paper focuses on Smart Water Grid, an ingenious way to monitor and preserve the quantity and quality parameters in real-time by deploying remote sensors in water distribution system. It presents a review of various sensors deployed, networking protocols used and cloud platforms employed in monitoring the water distribution system. The suitable networking protocols for the water distribution systems are suggested by analyzing various smart solutions. It also proposes an architecture for an IoT-based system to monitor the residual chlorine concentration in water distribution system. Smart Water Grid using Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things enables to monitor on-site conditions and generates alerts during abnormal conditions. It can enhance timely decision making which will help in managing valuable water resources more efficiently.

scholarly journals Real-Time Continuous Surveillance of Temperature and Flow Events Presents a Novel Monitoring Approach for Hospital and Healthcare Water Distribution Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Whiley ◽  
Jason Hinds ◽  
James Xi ◽  
Richard Bentham
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
Healthcare Facilities

Within hospitals and healthcare facilities opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) are a major and preventable cause of healthcare-acquired infections. This study presents a novel approach for monitoring building water quality using real-time surveillance of parameters measured at thermostatic mixing valves (TMVs) across a hospital water distribution system. Temperature was measured continuously in real-time at the outlet of 220 TMVs located across a hospital over a three-year period and analysis of this temperature data was used to identify flow events. This real-time temperature and flow information was then compared with microbial water quality. Water samples were collected randomly from faucets over the three-year period. These were tested for total heterotrophic bacteria, Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila. A statistically significant association with total heterotrophic bacteria concentrations and the number of flow events seven days prior (rs[865] = −0.188, p < 0.01) and three days prior to sampling (rs[865] = −0.151, p < 0.01) was observed, with decreased heterotrophic bacteria linked to increased flushing events. Only four samples were positive for Legionella and statistical associations could not be determined; however, the environmental conditions for these four samples were associated with higher heterotrophic counts. This study validated a simple and effective remote monitoring approach to identifying changes in water quality and flagging high risk situations in real-time. This provides a complementary surveillance strategy that overcomes the time delay associated with microbial culture results. Future research is needed to explore the use of this monitoring approach as an indicator for different opportunistic pathogens.

scholarly journals E-Metering and Fault Detection in Smart Water Distribution Systems using Wireless Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 634-639
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Smart Water

Water distribution system is a network that supplies water to all the consumers through different means. Proper means of providing water to houses without compromising in quantity and quality is always a challenge. As it is a huge network keeping track of the utilization is difficult for the utility. Hence through this project we come up with a solution to solve this issue. Current technologies like Low Power Wide Area Networks, LoRa and sensor deployment techniques have been in research and were also tested in few rural areas but issues due to hardware deployment and large scale real time implementation was a challenge hence through this system we aim to create and simulate a real time scenario to test a sensor network model that could be implemented in large scale further. This project aims in building a wireless sensor network model for a smart water distribution system. In this system there is bidirectional communication between the consumer and the utility. Each house has a meter through which the amount of water consumed is sent to the utility board. The data has two fields containing the house ID and the data (water consumed); it is being sent to the data collection unit (DCU) which in-turn sends it to the central server so that the consumption is monitored in real time. All this is simulated using NETSIM and MATLAB

scholarly journals Application of genetic programming to modeling pipe failures in water distribution systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Qiuwen Chen ◽  
Weifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Gis Data ◽  
Failure Models

The water loss from a water distribution system is a serious problem for many cities, which incurs enormous economic and social loss. However, the economic and human resource costs to exactly locate the leakage are extraordinarily high. Thus, reliable and robust pipe failure models are demanded to assess a pipe's propensity to fail. Beijing City was selected as the case study area and the pipe failure data for 19 years (1987–2005) were analyzed. Three different kinds of methods were applied to build pipe failure models. First, a statistical model was built, which discovered that the ages of leakage pipes followed the Weibull distribution. Then, two other models were developed using genetic programming (GP) with different data pre-processing strategies. The three models were compared thereafter and the best model was applied to assess the criticality of all the pipe segments of the entire water supply network in Beijing City based on GIS data.

scholarly journals A Head Formulation for the Steady-State Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Using an Explicit and Exact Expression of the Colebrook–White Equation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Mengning Qiu ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Contamination Source

Steady-state demand-driven water distribution system (WDS) solution is the bedrock for much research conducted in the field related to WDSs. WDSs are modeled using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with the Swamee–Jain equation. However, the Swamee–Jain equation approximates the Colebrook–White equation, errors of which are within 1% for ϵ/D∈[10−6,10−2] and Re∈[5000,108]. A formulation is presented for the solution of WDSs using the Colebrook–White equation. The correctness and efficacy of the head formulation have been demonstrated by applying it to six WDSs with the number of pipes ranges from 454 to 157,044 and the number of nodes ranges from 443 to 150,630. The addition of a physically and fundamentally more accurate WDS solution method can improve the quality of the results achieved in both academic research and industrial application, such as contamination source identification, water hammer analysis, WDS network calibration, sensor placement, and least-cost design and operation of WDSs.

scholarly journals Cyber—Physical Attack Detection in Water Distribution Systems with Temporal Graph Convolutional Neural Networks

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Lydia Tsiami ◽  
Christos Makropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Temporal Graph ◽  
Graph Neural Networks

Prompt detection of cyber–physical attacks (CPAs) on a water distribution system (WDS) is critical to avoid irreversible damage to the network infrastructure and disruption of water services. However, the complex interdependencies of the water network’s components make CPA detection challenging. To better capture the spatiotemporal dimensions of these interdependencies, we represented the WDS as a mathematical graph and approached the problem by utilizing graph neural networks. We presented an online, one-stage, prediction-based algorithm that implements the temporal graph convolutional network and makes use of the Mahalanobis distance. The algorithm exhibited strong detection performance and was capable of localizing the targeted network components for several benchmark attacks. We suggested that an important property of the proposed algorithm was its explainability, which allowed the extraction of useful information about how the model works and as such it is a step towards the creation of trustworthy AI algorithms for water applications. Additional insights into metrics commonly used to rank algorithm performance were also presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Furnass ◽  
R. P. Collins ◽  
P. S. Husband ◽  
R. L. Sharpe ◽  
S. R. Mounce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Mass Transport Model

The erosion of the cohesive layers of particulate matter that causes discolouration in water distribution system mains has previously been modelled using the Prediction of Discolouration in Distribution Systems (PODDS) model. When first proposed, PODDS featured an unvalidated means by which material regeneration on pipe walls could be simulated. Field and laboratory studies of material regeneration have yielded data that suggest that the PODDS formulations incorrectly model these processes. A new model is proposed to overcome this shortcoming. It tracks the relative amount of discolouration material that is bound to the pipe wall over time at each of a number of shear strengths. The model formulations and a mass transport model have been encoded as software, which has been used to verify the model's constructs and undertake sensitivity analyses. The new formulations for regeneration are conceptually consistent with field and laboratory observed data and have potential value in the proactive management of water distribution systems, such as evaluating change in discolouration risk and planning timely interventions.

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