Inline 3D Volumetric Measurement of Moisture Content in Rice Using Regression-Based ML of RF Tomographic Imaging

The moisture content of stored rice is dependent on the surrounding and environmental factors which in turn affect the quality and economic value of the grains. Therefore, the moisture content of grains needs to be measured frequently to ensure that optimum conditions that preserve their quality are maintained. The current state of the art for moisture measurement of rice in a silo is based on grab sampling or relies on single rod sensors placed randomly into the grain. The sensors that are currently used are very localized and are, therefore, unable to provide continuous measurement of the moisture distribution in the silo. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no commercially available 3D volumetric measurement system for rice moisture content in a silo. Hence, this paper presents results of work carried out using low-cost wireless devices that can be placed around the silo to measure changes in the moisture content of rice. This paper proposes a novel technique based on radio frequency tomographic imaging using low-cost wireless devices and regression-based machine learning to provide contactless non-destructive 3D volumetric moisture content distribution in stored rice grain. This proposed technique can detect multiple levels of localized moisture distributions in the silo with accuracies greater than or equal to 83.7%, depending on the size and shape of the sample under test. Unlike other approaches proposed in open literature or employed in the sector, the proposed system can be deployed to provide continuous monitoring of the moisture distribution in silos.

Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling using GRAL in Area Near Coal-Steam Power Plant at Central Java

Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide were significant emissions emitted from coal-steam power plants that may cause health problems for humans and damage the environment. Studying the SO2 and NO2 gradients in Indonesian residential communities is critical for evaluating resident's SO2 and NO2 exposure. The method developed to assist analysis of spatial SO2 and NO2 gradients on a community scale combines a mesoscale Lagrangian dispersion model with field observations around coal-steam power plants using GRAL. The objectives of this study focused on GRAL dispersion of SO2 and NO2 in an Indonesian residential community near the coal-steam power plant, with a 6 km x 8 km resolution. Analysis of this model indicates a correlation between simulation and observation, with SO2 coefficient correlation (R) within 0.5 – 0.82 and NO2 coefficient correlation (R) within 0.30 – 0.59. Model performances analyze by NMSE and FB. The SO2 model is comparable to observation data since it has a better average NMSE and FB than the NO2 model. Due to data limitation of observation collected by grab sampling instead of continuous ambient measurement system affect different respond time compared with hourly data from the model.

Kandungan Logam Berat dalam Sungai dan Tanah di Beberapa Wilayah Desa Hila, Kepulauan Romang – Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya

Kecamatan Kepulauan Romang terletak di Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya dengan luas wilayah 280,94 km2 dan terdiri dari tiga wilayah yaitu Desa Jerusu, Desa Hila, dan Desa Solath. Topografi Kepulauan Romang terdiri dari pegunungan yang dikelilingi lautan, dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah dari sektor kehutanan, pertanian, kelautan, dan potensi penambangan mineral. Area Desa Hila memiliki sumber daya alam mineral yang berharga, sehingga terjadi potensi eksplorasi dan pertambangan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan logam berat pada air dan tanah di beberapa wilayah pertambangan Desa Hila, Kepulauan Romang. Pengambilan contoh uji dilakukan pada 6-12 April 2017 menggunakan metode grab sampling dan komposit di 2 (dua) titik pengambilan air Sungai Hilmat dan Drill Camp, serta 9 (sembilan) titik contoh uji tanah. Hasil analisis air sungai menunjukkan bahwa parameter logam berat (Hg, Fe, Mn, Cu, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Au, dan Zn) berada di bawah baku mutu sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah PP No 82/2001 tentang pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air pada lampiran untuk Kelas 1. Baku mutu masih mengacu pada peraturan yang lama karena kegiatan dilakukan sebelum dikeluarkannya PP No 22/2021. Logam dominan yang ditemukan dalam matriks tanah adalah Fe dengan konsentrasi berkisar antara 600-63900 mg/Kg. Fe merupakan mineral alamiah yang banyak terkandung di dalam tanah, kemudian disusul logam Mn, As, dan Cu dengan kisaran konsentrasi masing-masing yaitu 15-9491 mg/Kg, 10-1998 mg/Kg, dan 2,9-2978 mg/Kg.

Monitoring and Modelling of Butyltin Compounds in Finnish Inland Lake

Butyltin compounds (BTCs) in surface waters is seldom studied due to their low concentrations and limitations of analytical techniques. In this study we measured total concentration of BTCs with grab water sampling, dissolved concentration with passive samplers and particle bound fraction with sedimentation traps in Finnish inland lake. The sampling was conducted from May to September during two study years. The differences between sampling techniques and the concentrations were obvious. E.g. tributyltin (TBT) was detected only in 4-24 % of the grab samples when the detection with passive samplers was 93% and with sedimentation traps 50%. The dissolved BTC concentrations measured with grab and passive sampling suggested hydrological differences between the study years. This was confirmed with flow velocity measurements. However, the annual difference was not observed in BTC concentrations of settled particle.The extreme value analysis suggested that grab sampling and sedimentation trap sampling results contain more extreme peak values than passive sampling. This indicates that BTCs are present in surface water in trace concentrations despite they are not detected with all the sampling techniques. The assumption that WWTP, located in the study area, was the source of BTCs was not valid as elevated BTC concentrations were detected also at the reference site, located upstream of WWTP. Computational modelling and back tracking simulations also supported the concept that WWTP cannot be the only source but BTCs can come even from upstream of the sampling area where there is e.g. wood processing industry.

Characterization of potential mercury contamination in the ASGM area of Mandailing Natal, North Sumatera

A large amount of Hg is used for gold extraction through the amalgamation process in the Mandailing Natal derived from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area located in the North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The objective of this work was to characterize the potential contamination of total Hg in water, sediments, and soil in this ASGM area. Sampling was done in two locations in West Panyabungan and Huta Bargot Districts using grab sampling method. Results showed that accumulation of Hg in the studied soils and sediments was the highest, but Hg in aquatic solution was below the detection limit of the analytical method of the studied community wells and rivers. The highest concentration of Hg was found in the river sediments of the Saba Padang irrigation (1,63 mg/kg), and in the soil of the plantation area of Huta Bargot (1,62 mg/kg) respectively. These concentrations may pose a serious problem for aquatic and land life, related ecosystems, and human health. For further study, there is a need to study Hg availability in riverine biota to better understand the cycling of Hg in this ASGM area. Understanding the ecological impacts can assist in the prioritizing of impact mitigation efforts.

Automatic River Water Quality Monitoring Using IOT

One of the major problems in India is surface water pollution that is in Rivers. For the purpose of drinking, agriculture requirements and for industrial usage, an adequate amount of water quality has to be made sure and for maintaining the balance in aquaculture, water quality has to be monitored in real time. Deteriorated quality of water affects all well living beings. Traditional River water quality monitoring involves grab sampling, testing and analysis which is time consuming. In this project, determined attempts are made to design an economical system for real time monitoring of river water quality. Different physical and chemical parameters of the water are monitored using various water measuring sensor. The parameters such as temperature, hardness, dissolved oxygen; pH, turbidity and flow can be measured through sensors. The system can be enforced with Arduino model as a core controller. WI-FI module, Internet of things and GSM board can be used effectively to monitor the water quality and thereby relevant impacts for using river water safely. Keywords: 1. IOT, 2. GSM, 3. Sensors, 4. E.C.

Health Risk Due to Carbamate Exposure in Communities Around Paddy Field Areas

Introduction: Carbamate is one of the most widely used pesticides in paddy field areas, which causes environmental pollution and human health problems. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the health risks of carbamate exposure in communities around paddy fields areas. Methods: This was an observational analysis study conducted using the health risk assessment approach. There were 20 samples of waterway streams from 10 sites observed in the morning (at high tide) and evening (at low tide) taken using a grab sampling method. The parameters of the waterway streams river, such as pH and temperature, were measured on-site using a pH meter and portable thermometer, while the carbamate concentration was analysed in the laboratory using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results and Discussion: The active ingredients of carbamate pesticides that observed as follows: aldicarb (0 – 0.05 mg/l), carbaryl (0 – 0.01 mg/l), carbofuran (0-0.005 mg/l), and propoxur (0-0.001 mg/l). While the pH (6.4 – 7.5) and temperature (22.1 – 32.4oC). The potential exposure of Aldicarb in grown-up and kids were 0.042 and 0.077 mg/kg bodyweight-day, respectively. Furthermore, the potential exposure of carbofuran in Grown-ups and kids were 0.004 and 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight-day, respectively. Only the carbofuran exposure in kids has a rate of RQ > 1, which is unsafe or can cause non-carcinogenic effects in the next 30 years. Conclusion: Although the carbamate concentrations in waterway streams around paddy field areas were below the quality standard, it is not safe. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out risk management and communication with local policymakers.

QUALITY TEST AND PLANNING OF SLUDGE TREATMENT INSTALLATION OF WATER TREATMENT PDAM

Tujuan pada penilitian ini, untuk mengetahui kualitas dan perencanaan pengolahan lumpur instalasi pengolahan air PDAM. Metode yang digunakan mengenai tahapan pengampilan sampel yaitu dengan grab sampling, dan pengambilan dilakukan selama 8 hari. Pengambilan sampel lumpur dilkakukan pada pipa yang didiamkan mengalir selama 30 detik agar didapatkan debit konstan. Analisa untuk uji kualitas lumpur IPA PDAM dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasil dari penelitian mengenai uji kualitas pada pipa pembuangan lumpur pada unit sedimentasi. Data yang dibutuhkan meliputi data primer, dan sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengenai uji kualitas lumpur dari instalasi pengolahan air PDAM, memiliki nilai rata-rata pH 7,7, suhu 27°C, kekeruhan >1000 NTU hal ini dikarenakan kualitas air baku yang memiliki kandungana koloid tinggi. Total solid memiliki nilai rata-rata 281.772 mg/L, total suspended solid dengan nilai rata-rata 52.134 mg/L, COD memiliki nilai rata-rata 3.100 mg/L, dan BOD 3,96 mg/L dengan nilai ratarata . Debit rata-rata harian lumpur yang dihasilkan dari instalasi pengolahan air sebesar 145,773 m3/hari. Unit yang direncanakan sesuai dengan kualitas, dan volume yang diketahui maka direncanakan unit pengolahan lumpur meliputi bak pengumpul, gravity thickening, belt filter press, dan bak pengumpul dry cake. Anggaran biaya yang direncanakan untuk perencanaan pengolahan lumpur instalasi pengolahan air sesuai dengan unit yang diperlukan membutuhkan anggaran dana sebesar Rp. 1.037.900.00,00.

PERBANDINGAN EFISIENSI CASCADE AERATOR DAN BUBBLE AERATOR DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR BESI AIR SUMUR BOR

Salah satu sumber air bersih yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia adalah air tanah dari air sumur bor. Air sumur bor di Kelurahan Pal Sembilan, Kecamatan Sungai Kakap, Kabupaten Kubu Raya, mempunyai kadar Fe sebesar 21,05 mg/L, yang berarti melebihi baku mutu berdasarkan PerMenKes No. 32 Tahun 2017. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pengaruh penggunaan cascade aerator dan bubble aerator untuk menurunkan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor, mengetahui besar efisiensi penurunan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor dan mengetahui waktu kontak optimum cascade aerator dan bubble aerator untuk menurunkan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasy experiment dengan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali untuk setiap metode aerasi. Sampel penelitian diambil dengan teknik grab sampling, proses aerasi dilakukan di salah satu rumah warga dan pemeriksaan kadar besi di laboratorium. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, ada perbedaan antara cascade aerator dengan bubble aerator, dimana cascade aerator lebih efektif dalam menurunkan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor. Besar efisiensi penurunan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor dengan menggunakan cascade aerator sebesar 50,45% dengan waktu kontak optimum 28 menit dan besar efisiensi penurunan kadar Fe dalam air sumur bor dengan menggunakan bubble aerator sebesar 6,13% dengan waktu kontak optimum 40 menit.