scholarly journals Hydraulic Ram Pump Integration into Water Distribution Systems for Energy Recovery Application

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zeidan ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Excess Pressure ◽  
Energy Costs

This study presents the potential of integrating Hydrams in modern water distribution systems (WDSs) for managing excess pressure and reducing energy costs. Hydrams, which are also termed Hydraulic ram pumps in the literature, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower, generally used to pump drinking and irrigation water in mountainous and rural areas having short of power. The Hydrams is introduced as a sustainable low-cost alternative solution to the more conventional pressure reducing valves (PRVs) approach for managing pressure zones in WDSs. Unlike PRVs, where the pressure is lost and not put into good use, Hydrams mitigate excess pressure at high-pressure zones and direct it to much-needed low-pressure zones. In addition, Hydrams are cheap, simple, environmentally friendly, and require little maintenance. The proposed approach integrates a Hydram in parallel to the original centrifugal pump, where they can be operated interchangeably according to the system’s hydraulic needs. Nevertheless, it is vital to correctly size the Hydram at the feed line and accompany it with a proper storage tank at the low-pressure zone. The storage tank serves as a buffer between the intermittent water supply and consumer demand pattern. Moreover, the tank introduces flexibility into the system that allows more sustainable operating schedules. Two case study applications of increasing complexity are presented to demonstrate the potential of this Hybrid system, later referred to as Hybrid Pumping Unit (HPU). The Hydram and tank sizing is done by a simple heuristic approach, while the operation of the system is dictated by a genetic algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of integrated Hydrams in reducing excess pressures and energy costs.

Detecting Cyber-Physical Attacks in Water Distribution Systems: One-class Classifier Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashor Housh ◽  
Noy Kadosh ◽  
Alex Frid
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Features Selection ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Detection Problem ◽  
One Class Classification

<p>Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) are critical infrastructures that supply drinking water from water sources to end-users. Smart WDSs could be designed by integrating physical components (e.g. valve and pumps) with computation and networking devices. As such, in smart WDSs, pumps and valves are automatically controlled together with continuous monitoring of important systems' parameters. However, despite its advantage of improved efficacy, the automated control and operation through a cyber-layer can expose the system to cyber-physical attacks. One-Class classification technique is proposed to detect such attacks by analyzing collected sensors' readings from the system components. One-class classifiers have been found suitable for classifying "normal" and "abnormal" conditions with unbalanced datasets, which are expected in the cyber-attack detection problem. In the cyber-attack detection problem, typically, most of the data samples are under the "normal" state, and only small fraction of the samples can be suspected as under-attack (i.e. "abnormal" state). The results of this study demonstrate that one-class classification algorithms can be suitable for the cyber-attack detection problem and can compete with existing approaches. More specifically, this study examines the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) method together with a tailored features selection methodology, which is based on the physical understanding of the WDS topology. The developed algorithm is examined on BATADAL datasets, which demonstrate a quasi-realistic case study and on a new case study of a large-scale WDS.</p>

scholarly journals Corrosion Behavior of Different Brass Alloys for Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal Choucri ◽  
Federica Zanotto ◽  
Vincenzo Grassi ◽  
Andrea Balbo ◽  
Mohamed Ebn Touhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Small Depth ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Brass Alloys

Some α + β’ brass components of drinking water distribution systems in Morocco underwent early failures and were investigated to assess the nature and extent of the corrosion attacks. They exhibited different corrosion forms, often accompanied by extensive β’ dezincification. In order to offer viable alternatives to these traditional low cost materials, the corrosion behavior of two representative α + β’ brass components was compared to that of brass alloys with nominal compositions CuZn36Pb2As and CuZn21Si3P, marketed as dezincification resistant. CuZn21Si3P is a recently developed eco-friendly brass produced without any arsenic or lead. Electrochemical tests in simulated drinking water showed that after 10 days of immersion CuZn21Si3P exhibited the highest polarization resistance (Rp) values but after longer immersion periods its Rp values became comparable or lower than those of the other alloys. After 150 days, scanning electron microscope coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses evidenced that the highest dezincification resistance was afforded by CuZn36Pb2As (longitudinal section of extruded bar), exhibiting dealloying and subsequent oxidation of β’ only at a small depth. Limited surface dealloying was also found on CuZn21Si3P, which underwent selective silicon and zinc dissolution and negligible inner oxidation of both α and κ constituent phases, likely due to peculiar galvanic effects.

scholarly journals Optimal selection of number and location of pressure sensors in water distribution systems using geostatistical tools coupled with genetic algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fattah Soroush ◽  
Mohammad J. Abedini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Search Optimization ◽  
First Time

Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology for designing an optimal pressure sensor to make average pressure field in water distribution systems (WDS) more accurate via geostatistical tools coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) under normal operating condition. In light of this, the objective function is introduced based on geostatistical technique as variance of residual of block ordinary kriging (BOK). In order to solve the problem of sensor placement, three different approaches, so-called, simplified, exhaustive, and random search optimization are considered. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time whereby geostatistical tools are used to design a pressure monitoring network in the WDS. The proposed methodology is first tested and verified on a literature case study of Anytown WDS and then is applied to a real-world case study referred to as C-Town consisting of five district metered areas (DMAs). The proposed methodology has several advantages over existing more conventional approaches which will be demonstrated in this paper. The results indicate that this method outperforms the conventional paradigms in current use in terms of mathematical labor and the results are quite promising.

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