scholarly journals Editorial: The gut and the brain – with focus on autism spectrum disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Midtvedt
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The Role of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

The review presents an analysis of the mechanisms of iron effect on the brain development. The importance of iron deficiency in the perinatal period is considered as a risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Possible causes of sideropenia are discussed; data on haematological and biochemical parameters characterizing iron metabolism in children with ASDs are presented. The demand for studying the role of iron metabolism imbalance in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in order to clarify pathogenetic mechanisms of ASDs and to determine methods for their correction is emphasized.

scholarly journals Assessment of behavioral, morphological and electrophysiological changes in prenatal and postnatal valproate induced rat models of autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarine Fereshetyan ◽  
Vergine Chavushyan ◽  
Margarita Danielyan ◽  
Konstantin Yenkoyan
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Core Symptoms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders, that are characterized by core symptoms, such as alterations of social communication and restrictive or repetitive behavior. The etiology and pathophysiology of disease is still unknown, however, there is a strong interaction between genetic and environmental factors. An intriguing point in autism research is identification the vulnerable time periods of brain development that lack compensatory homeostatic corrections. Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug with a pronounced teratogenic effect associated with a high risk of ASD, and its administration to rats during the gestation is used for autism modeling. It has been hypothesized that valproate induced damage and functional alterations of autism target structures may occur and evolve during early postnatal life. Here, we used prenatal and postnatal administrations of VPA to investigate the main behavioral features which are associated with autism spectrum disorders core symptoms were tested in early juvenile and adult rats. Neuroanatomical lesion of autism target structures and electrophysiological studies in specific neural circuits. Our results showed that prenatal and early postnatal administration of valproate led to the behavioral alterations that were similar to ASD. Postnatally treated group showed tendency to normalize in adulthood. We found pronounced structural changes in the brain target regions of prenatally VPA-treated groups, and an absence of abnormalities in postnatally VPA-treated groups, which confirmed the different severity of VPA across different stages of brain development. The results of this study clearly show time dependent effect of VPA on neurodevelopment, which might be explained by temporal differences of brain regions’ development process. Presumably, postnatal administration of valproate leads to the dysfunction of synaptic networks that is recovered during the lifespan, due to the brain plasticity and compensatory ability of circuit refinement. Therefore, investigations of compensatory homeostatic mechanisms activated after VPA administration and directed to eliminate the defects in postnatal brain, may elucidate strategies to improve the course of disease.

scholarly journals Dynamics of age-related structural and functional changes in the brain of patients with autism spectrum disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Svetlana G. Belokoskova ◽  
Emma M. Malsagova ◽  
Sergey G. Tsikunov
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

The review reflects modern information on the brain dysontogenesis of patients with autism spectrum disorders throughout life. The features of the stages of age-related disorders of the structure and functional state of the brain of such patients are presented. Along with the description of defects in the morphofunctional organization of the brain of patients, attention is focused on the presence of individual differences of such defects, which determines the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations of the disease.

A Sleeping rs-fMRI Study of Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-927
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Li ◽  
Longlun Wang ◽  
Bin Qin ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Zhiming Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Brain Functional Network ◽  
Graph Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Objectives: The brain functional network of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in the earlier stages of life has been almost unknown due to difficulties in obtaining a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). This study aimed to perform rs-MRI under a sedated sleep state and reveal possible alterations in the brain functional network. Methods: Rs-fMRI was performed in a group of preschool children (aged 2–6 years, 53 with ASD, 63 as controls) under a sedated sleeping state. Based on graph theoretical analysis, global and local topological metrics were calculated to investigate alterations in brain functional networks. Besides, correlation analyses were conducted between the abnormal attribute values and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. Results: The graph theoretical analysis showed that the nodal degree of the right medial frontal gyrus and the nodal efficiency of the right lingual gyrus in the ASD group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant positive correlation (R=0.318, P<0.05) between the right midfrontal gyrus nodal degree values and CARS scores in the ASD patients. Conclusion: Alterations of some nodal attributes in the brain network occurred in preschool autistic children which could serve as potential imaging biomarkers for evaluating ASD in earlier stages.

Disability: Neurocognitive Disabilities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Patchner ◽  
Kevin L. DeWeaver
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
The Social ◽  
Savant Syndrome ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

The multiplicity of disability definitions can be attributed to the heterogeneity of disability, its multifactoral nature, and its effects across the life span. Of particular concern to the social work profession are those persons with neurocognitive disabilities. Neurocognitive disabilities are ones where a problem with the brain or neural pathways causes a condition (or conditions) that impairs learning or mental/physical functioning or both. Some examples are intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and savant syndrome. Neurocognitive disabilities are the most difficult to diagnose often times because of their invisibility. Providing services for people with neurocognitive disabilities is very difficult, and people with these disabilities are among the most vulnerable populations in today's society. This entry discusses neurocognitive disabilities and current and future trends in social work disability practice.

scholarly journals Induction of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders by in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in the brain of adolescent rhesus monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Hao Wu ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Dong-Dong Qin ◽  
Lin-Heng Zhang ◽  
Tian-Lin Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAlthough CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing is widely applied to mimic human disorders, whether acute manipulation of disease-causing genes in the brain leads to behavioral abnormalities in non-human primates remains to be determined. Here we induced genetic mutations in MECP2, a critical gene linked to Rett syndrome (RTT) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), in the hippocampus (DG and CA1–4) of adolescent rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in vivo via adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 with sgRNAs targeting MECP2. In comparison to monkeys injected with AAV-SaCas9 alone (n = 4), numerous autistic-like behavioral abnormalities were identified in the AAV-SaCas9-sgMECP2-injected monkeys (n = 7), including social interaction deficits, abnormal sleep patterns, insensitivity to aversive stimuli, abnormal hand motions and defective social reward behaviors. Furthermore, some aspects of ASDs and RTT, such as stereotypic behaviors, did not appear in the MECP2 gene-edited monkeys, suggesting that different brain areas likely contribute to distinct ASD symptoms. This study showed that acute manipulation of disease-causing genes via in vivo gene editing directly led to behavioral changes in adolescent primates, paving the way for the rapid generation of genetically engineered non-human primate models for neurobiological studies and therapeutic development.

scholarly journals A través de los ojos del niño con trastorno del espectro autista / Through the Eyes of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
M.Isabel Gómez-León
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTThe latest findings in neuroscience show that the brain of the child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) deviates from the typical development path since the prenatal period. We know that the mutation of certain genes alters the maturational trajectory of synaptic connections during early development, a period of maximum vulnerability in which the formation of neuronal circuits is highly plastic and depends on both genetic and environmental factors. A better understanding of the neurobiological bases of ASD will draw bridges, until recently insurmountable, between neuronal circuits and atypical behaviors in the classroom. In addition, it will allow us to better explore which are the critical periods of development where the intervention, both clinical and educational, in the child with ASD may be more effective.RESUMENLos últimos hallazgos en neurociencia muestran que el cerebro del niño con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se desvía de la ruta típica del desarrollo ya desde el período prenatal. Sabemos que la mutación de ciertos genes altera la trayectoria madurativa de las conexiones sinápticas durante el desarrollo temprano, un periodo de máxima vulnerabilidad en el que la formación de circuitos neuronales es altamente plástica y dependiente tanto de factores genéticos como ambientales. Una mejor comprensión de las bases neurobiológicas del TEA trazará puentes, hasta hace poco insalvables, entre los circuitos neuronales y los comportamientos atípicos en el aula. Además, nos permitirá explorar mejor cuáles son los periodos críticos del desarrollo donde la intervención, tanto clínica como educativa, en el niño con TEA puede resultar más eficaz.

scholarly journals Struktur Otak dan Keberfungsiannya pada Anak dengan Gangguan Spektrum Autis: Kajian Neuropsikologi

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurussakinah - Daulay
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sensory Process

The purpose of this article is to understand the basic neuroanatomy of the brain and the neurodevelopmental characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders. Children with autism spectrum disorders are children with complex developmental disorders, based on a neuropsychological approach, a disorder experienced by a child with autism due to abnormalities in the structure and biochemistry of the brain, as well as the interference in integrating sensory information received by the environment. Disturbances in the sensory process include how to obtain sensory information (sensory procesing), how to process the information (sensory procesing), and how to move the muscles and perform a series of movements in response to sensory stimuli received.

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