Faculty Opinions recommendation of Speed of adaptation and genomic footprints of host-parasite coevolution under arms race and trench warfare dynamics.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Trench Warfare

scholarly journals SPEED OF ADAPTATION AND GENOMIC FOOTPRINTS OF HOST-PARASITE COEVOLUTION UNDER ARMS RACE AND TRENCH WARFARE DYNAMICS

Evolution ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Tellier ◽  
Stefany Moreno-Gámez ◽  
Wolfgang Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Trench Warfare

An evolutionary perspective on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Stear ◽  
D. Singleton ◽  
L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to discuss from an evolutionary perspective the interaction between domestic sheep (Ovis aries)and their gastrointestinal nematodes. Although evolution is the central theme of biology, there has been little attempt to consider how evolutionary forces have shaped and continue to shape the relationships between domestic animals and their parasite community. Mathematical modelling of the host–parasite relationship indicated that the system is remarkably robust to perturbations in its parameters. This robustness may be a consequence of the long coevolution of host and parasites. Although nematodes can potentially evolve faster than the host, coevolution is not dominated by the parasite and there are several examples where breeds of cattle or sheep have evolved high levels of resistance to disease. Coevolution is a more equal partnership between host and nematode than is commonly assumed. Coevolution between parasites and the host immune system is often described as an arms race where both host immune response genes and parasite proteins evolve rapidly in response to each other. However, initial results indicate that nematode antigens are not evolving rapidly; the arms race between the immune system and nematodes, if it exists, is happening very slowly. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection states that genes with positive effects on fitness will be fixed by natural selection. Consequently, heritable variation in fitness traits is expected to be low. Contrary to this argument, there is considerable genetic variation in resistance to nematode infection. In particular, the heritabilities of nematode-specific IgA and IgE activity are moderate to high. The reasons for this apparent violation of the fundamental theorem of natural selection are not clear but several possible explanations are explored. Faecal nematode egg counts increase at the beginning of the grazing season – a phenomenon known as the periparturient rise. This increase benefits host and parasite and appears to be a consequence of coevolution. In conclusion, an evolutionary perspective can shed light on many aspects of the host–parasite relationship in domestic animals.

scholarly journals Chemical Coevolution: Host–Parasite Arms Race Runs Hot and Cold

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. R306-R308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Identification of an ancient endogenous retrovirus, predating the divergence of the placental mammals

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1626) ◽  
pp. 20120503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lee ◽  
Alison Nolan ◽  
Jason Watson ◽  
Michael Tristem
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

The evolutionary arms race between mammals and retroviruses has long been recognized as one of the oldest host–parasite interactions. Rapid evolution rates in exogenous retroviruses have often made accurate viral age estimations highly problematic. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), however, integrate into the germline of their hosts, and are subjected to their evolutionary rates. This study describes, for the first time, a retroviral orthologue predating the divergence of placental mammals, giving it a minimum age of 104–110 Myr. Simultaneously, other orthologous selfish genetic elements (SGEs), inserted into the ERV sequence, provide evidence for the oldest individual mammalian-wide interspersed repeat and medium-reiteration frequency interspersed repeat mammalian repeats, with the same minimum age. The combined use of shared SGEs and reconstruction of viral orthologies defines new limits and increases maximum ‘lookback’ times, with subsequent implications for the field of paleovirology.

scholarly journals Emergence and diversification of a host-parasite RNA ecosystem through Darwinian evolution

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Furubayashi ◽  
Kensuke Ueda ◽  
Yohsuke Bansho ◽  
Daisuke Motooka ◽  
Shota Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Prebiotic Evolution ◽  
Clonal Population ◽  
Replication Errors ◽  
Replication Experiment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Host Parasite

In prebiotic evolution, molecular self-replicators are considered to develop into diverse, complex living organisms. The appearance of parasitic replicators is believed inevitable in this process. However, the role of parasitic replicators in prebiotic evolution remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated experimental coevolution of RNA self-replicators (host RNAs) and emerging parasitic replicators (parasitic RNAs) using an RNA-protein replication system we developed. During a long-term replication experiment, a clonal population of the host RNA turned into an evolving host-parasite ecosystem through the continuous emergence of new types of host and parasitic RNAs produced by replication errors. The host and parasitic RNAs diversified into at least two and three different lineages, respectively, and they exhibited evolutionary arms-race dynamics. The parasitic RNA accumulated unique mutations, thus adding a new genetic variation to the whole replicator ensemble. These results provide the first experimental evidence that the coevolutionary interplay between host-parasite molecules plays a key role in generating diversity and complexity in prebiotic molecular evolution.

scholarly journals Population mixing promotes arms race host–parasite coevolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20142297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gómez ◽  
Ben Ashby ◽  
Angus Buckling
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Fluctuating Selection ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Population Mixing ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Host Parasite

The consequences of host–parasite coevolution are highly contingent on the qualitative coevolutionary dynamics: whether selection fluctuates (fluctuating selection dynamic; FSD), or is directional towards increasing infectivity/resistance (arms race dynamic; ARD). Both genetics and ecology can play an important role in determining whether coevolution follows FSD or ARD, but the ecological conditions under which FSD shifts to ARD, and vice versa, are not well understood. The degree of population mixing is thought to increase host exposure to parasites, hence selecting for greater resistance and infectivity ranges, and we hypothesize this promotes ARD. We tested this by coevolving bacteria and viruses in soil microcosms and found that population mixing shifted bacteria–virus coevolution from FSD to ARD. A simple theoretical model produced qualitatively similar results, showing that mechanisms that increase host exposure to parasites tend to push dynamics towards ARD. The shift from FSD to ARD with increased population mixing may help to explain variation in coevolutionary dynamics between different host–parasite systems, and more specifically the observed discrepancies between laboratory and field bacteria–virus coevolutionary studies.

scholarly journals The potential for arms race and Red Queen coevolution in a protist host–parasite system

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
pp. 4775-4785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Råberg ◽  
Elisabet Alacid ◽  
Esther Garces ◽  
Rosa Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Arms Race ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Egg Rejection in Marsh Warblers (Acrocephalus Palustris) Heavily Parasitized by Common Cuckoos (Cuculus Canorus)

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Antonov ◽  
Bård G. Stokke ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
Eivin Røskaft
Keyword(s):  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Acrocephalus Palustris ◽  
High Rejection Rate ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract In the coevolutionary “arms race” between Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) and their hosts, several adaptations and counter-adaptations have evolved. Here, we investigated natural parasitism and host sensitivity to egg rejection in Marsh Warblers (Acrocephalus palustris) in Bulgaria. The level of Common Cuckoo parasitism was high (28%), and average mimicry of Common Cuckoo eggs was good. Experimental parasitism with four egg-types that showed various degrees of mimicry of the host eggs revealed a generally high rejection rate of foreign eggs (37.5–100%). In addition, naturally laid Common Cuckoo eggs were rejected at a moderate rate (50%). The Marsh Warbler's ability to reject foreign eggs was strongly dependent on the degree of mimicry of the parasite egg but apparently not on differences in size between host and foreign eggs. Furthermore, intraclutch variation in host egg appearance was not related to the probability of egg rejection. The Marsh Warbler's highly developed egg-recognition ability and the good mimicry of Common Cuckoo eggs suggests that this poorly known host-parasite arms race has reached an advanced stage. The present study provides new insight into variables that are important for egg rejection in a heavily parasitized host population. Rechazo de Huevos en Nidos de Acrocephalus palustris Fuertemente Parasitados por Cuculus canorus

scholarly journals What Can Phages Tell Us about Host-Pathogen Coevolution?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Gene Model ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Abiotic Interactions

The outcomes of host-parasite interactions depend on the coevolutionary forces acting upon them, but because every host-parasite relation is enmeshed in a web of biotic and abiotic interactions across a heterogeneous landscape, host-parasite coevolution has proven difficult to study. Simple laboratory phage-bacteria microcosms can ameliorate this difficulty by allowing controlled, well-replicated experiments with a limited number of interactors. Genetic, population, and life history data obtained from these studies permit a closer examination of the fundamental correlates of host-parasite coevolution. In this paper, I describe the results of phage-bacteria coevolutionary studies and their implications for the study of host-parasite coevolution. Recent experimental studies have confirmed phage-host coevolutionary dynamics in the laboratory and have shown that coevolution can increase parasite virulence, specialization, adaptation, and diversity. Genetically, coevolution frequently proceeds in a manner best described by the Gene for Gene model, typified by arms race dynamics, but certain contexts can result in Red Queen dynamics according to the Matching Alleles model. Although some features appear to apply only to phage-bacteria systems, other results are broadly generalizable and apply to all instances of antagonistic coevolution. With laboratory host-parasite coevolutionary studies, we can better understand the perplexing array of interactions that characterize organismal diversity in the wild.

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