Leitura: o papel da memória de longo termo (MLT) no processo de interpretação

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre Dificuldades de leitura entre acadêmicos de Letras, a partir da análise das paráfrases por eles produzidas, após a leitura silenciosa de uma crônica. O objetivo foi avaliar a interpretação leitora dos estudantes da amostra considerada. A análise embasou-se no Modelo Pragmático Integrado de interpretação/compreensão (DASCAL, 2006) e os resultados da investigação desenvolvida entre o 2º semestre de 2015 e o 1º de 2016 evidenciaram dificuldade de articulação entre texto e contexto, como também a necessidade de investigar mais detidamente os vínculos entre memória de longo termo (MLT) e o processo de interpretação leitora, uma vez que o maior problema detectado concerniu à falta de mobilização do conhecimento prévio (extralinguístico e metalinguístico). As demais dificuldades foram o léxico pouco desenvolvido e a falta de nexos textuais ou seu emprego inadequado. Por fim, embora a pesquisa tenha sido exploratória e seus resultados não possam ser generalizados sem investigações adicionais, constatamos haver estreita relação entre dificuldades de interpretação leitora e produção de paráfrases reprodutoras.This article presents the results of an investigation on Reading Difficulties among students of Letters based on the paraphrases produced by them after the silent reading of a chronicle. The objective was to evaluate the students’ process of reading interpretation. The analysis was based in the Pragmatic Model of Integrated interpretation/understanding (DASCAL, 2006) and the results of the research developed in 2015/2016 showed difficulty of articulation between text and context, as well as the need to investigate the links between long term memory (MLT) and the interpretation process, since the biggest problem detected was concerned to the difficulty to mobilize previous knowledge (extralinguistic and metalinguistic).Other difficulties highlighted were the lexicon little developed and the lack of nexus or its inadequate use between sentences and paragraphs. Finally, although the study was exploratory and their results cannot be generalized without further investigations, we conclude that there was a close relationship between reading interpretation difficulties and poor paraphrases.Keywords: reading, memory, interpretation, paraphrase.

Download Full-text

Mengajarkan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika di Sekolah Dasar

MATEMATIKA DAN PEMBELAJARAN ◽

10.33477/mp.v6i2.671 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Suhartono Suhartono

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Mathematical Problem ◽

Mathematical Problem Solving ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Previous Knowledge ◽

Term Memory ◽

Two Factors

Abstrak Artikel ini membahas tentang mengajarkan pemecahan masalah matematika di sekolah dasar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah analisa literatur. Beberapa literatur yang berhubungan dengan pemecahan masalah dan pemecahan masalah matematika dianalisa untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang cara mengajarkan pemecahan masalah matematika di sekolah dasar. Pemecahan masalah merupakan sebuah kompetensi yang harus dikuasai oleh peserta didik dalam pembelajaran matematika. Hal ini sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam kurikulum pendidikan Indonesia. Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika peserta didik pada tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi, sangat tergantung kepada pengalaman belajar peserta didik ketika di jenjang sekolah dasar. Oleh karena itu, mengajarkan pemecahan masalah matematika sejak jenjang sekolah dasar merupakan sesuatu yang penting. Kemampuan pemecahan masalah (problem solving) setidaknya membutuhkan dua kemampuan, yaitu (1) kemampuan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah, dan (2) kemampuan untuk merencanakan strategi untuk memecahkan masalah. Kemampuan memecahkan masalah merupakan salah satu bentuk keterampilan kognitif. Dengan demikian, kemampuan pemecahan masalah ini akan tergantung setidaknya pada dua hal. Pertama, pengetahuan awal yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik (previous knowledge). Kedua, kemampuan peserta didik untuk memanggil pengetahuan yang tersimpan dalam memori jangka panjangnya (long-term memory). Mengajarkan pemecahan masalah matematika di jenjang sekolah dasar membutuhkan sejumlah kemampuan. Pertama, kemampuan mengajarkan cara untuk mengidentifikasi masalah matematika yang sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan kognitif peserta didik. Kedua, kemampuan untuk mengajarkan strategi untuk memecahkan masalah matematika Kata kunci: Pemecahan Masalah, Pemecahan Masalah Matematika, Sekolah Dasar Abstract This article discusses about how to teach mathemathical problem solving on elementary school. The method that is used to write this article is literature analysis. Some literatures which are related to problem solving and mathematical problem solving are analysed in order to find information about how to teach mathematical problem solving on elementary school. Problem solving is a competency that is has to be mastered by students in mathemathics education. It is stated in Indonesian curriculum document. The ability of students to solve mathematical problem on higher education is rely on their ability to solve mathematical problem on elementary school. For this reason, it is important to teach mathematical problem solving since elementary school. Problem solving need minimally two abilities, that are (1) the ability to identify the problem, and (2) the ability to plan a strategy to solve the problem. Problem solving is one kind of cognitive skills. For this reason, this skill is depended on two factors. Firstly, previous knowledge that is own by the student. Secondly, the ability of student to retrieve the information from long-term memory.

Download Full-text

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x15000928 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

Author(s):

Mary C. Potter

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽

Language Comprehension ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 710-727

Author(s):

Beula M. Magimairaj ◽

Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽

Alexander V. Sergeev ◽

Natalie J. Benafield

Keyword(s):

Auditory Processing ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Group Differences ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Significant Group ◽

Term Memory ◽

Memory And Attention ◽

Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Download Full-text

Retrieval from Memory or Procedural Strategies for Addition Problems

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000036 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 35-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muriel Fanget ◽

Catherine Thevenot ◽

Caroline Castel ◽

Michel Fayol

Keyword(s):

Reaction Times ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Verbal Reports ◽

Term Memory ◽

Simple Addition ◽

Memory Traces ◽

Addition Problem ◽

Retrieval From Memory ◽

Calculation Procedures

In this study, we used a paradigm recently developed ( Thevenot, Fanget, & Fayol, 2007 ) to determine whether 10-year-old children solve simple addition problems by retrieval of the answer from long-term memory or by calculation procedures. Our paradigm is unique in that it does not rely on reaction times or verbal reports, which are known to potentially bias the results, especially in children. Rather, it takes advantage of the fact that calculation procedures degrade the memory traces of the operands, so that it is more difficult to recognize them when they have been involved in the solution of an addition problem by calculation rather than by retrieval. The present study sharpens the current conclusions in the literature and shows that, when the sum of addition problems is up to 10, children mainly use retrieval, but when it is greater than 10, they mainly use calculation procedures.

Download Full-text

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000038 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 249-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Márk Molnár ◽

Roland Boha ◽

Balázs Czigler ◽

Zsófia Anna Gaál

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Term Memory ◽

Memory Processes ◽

Different Types ◽

The Brain ◽

Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Download Full-text