Arthroscopy of the normal cadaveric ovine femorotibial joint: a systematic approach to the cranial and caudal compartments

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Mansmann ◽  
T. P. Schaer ◽  
R. B. Modesto
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Common Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Valgus Stress ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Tibial Condyle

SummaryObjectives: Preclinical studies using large animal models play an intergral part in translational research. For this study, our objectives were: to develop and validate arthroscopic approaches to four compartments of the stifle joint as determined via the gross and arthroscopic anatomy of the cranial and caudal aspects of the joint.Methods: Cadaveric hindlimbs (n = 39) were harvested from mature ewes. The anatomy was examined by tissue dissection (n = 6), transverse sections (n = 4), and computed tomography (n = 4). The joint was arthroscopically explored in 25 hindlimbs.Results: A cranio-medial portal was created medial to the patellar ligament. The craniolateral portal was made medial to the extensor digitorum longus tendon. The medial femoral condyle was visible, as well as the cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament and both menisci with the inter-meniscal ligament. Valgus stress improved visibility of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus and tibial plateau. To explore the caudal compartments, a portal was created 1 cm proximal to the most caudal aspect of the tibial condyle. Both femoral condyles, menisci, caudal cruciate ligament, the popliteal tendon and the menisco-femoral ligament were visible. The common peroneal nerve and popliteal artery and vein are vulnerable structures to injury during arthroscopy.Clinical significance: The arthroscopic approach developed in this research is ideal to evaluate the ovine stifle joint.

An in vitro Comparison of Two Replacement Techniques Utilizing Fascia Lata after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog

1993 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fascia Lata ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Over The Top

SummaryThe immediate postoperative biomechanical properties of an “underand-over” cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) replacement technique consisting of fascia lata and the lateral onethird of the patellar ligament, were compared with that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The right CCL in twelve adult dogs was dissected out and replaced with an autograft. The contralateral, intact CCL served as the control. In group A, the graft was secured to the lateral femoral condyle with a spiked washer and screw. In group B the intracapsular graft was secured to the lateral femoro-fabellar ligament, and the remainder to the patellar tendon. Both CCL replacement techniques exhibited a 2.0 ± 0.5 mm anterior drawer immediately after the operation. After skeletonization of the stifles, the length and cross-sectional area of the intact CCL and CCL substitutes were determined. Each bone-ligament unit was tested in linear tension to failure at a fixed distraction rate of 15 mm/s with the stifle in 120° flexion. Data was processed to obtain the corresponding material parameters (modulus, stress and strain in the linear loading region, and energy absorption to maximum load).The immediate postoperative structural and material properties of the “under-and-over” cranial cruciate ligament replacement technique with autogenous fascia lata, were compared to that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The combined UOT T technique was slightly stronger (6%), but allowed 2.8 ± 0.9 mm more cranial tibial displacement at maximum linear force.

Modelling the Effects of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection, Medial Meniscal Release and Triple Tibial Osteotomy on Stability of the Canine Stifle Joint

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
Tanja V. Jensen ◽  
Signe S. Kristiansen ◽  
Lene E. Buelund ◽  
James E. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Tibial Osteotomy ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loading Ratio ◽  
Canine Stifle

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the ex vivo effects of sequential cranial cruciate ligament transection (CCLx), medial meniscal release (MMR) and triple tibial osteotomy (TTO) on canine stifle stability compared with the intact state, across a wide range of joint angles. Study Design Nine right hind limb preparations were instrumented to provide constant quadriceps and gastrocnemius loads in a 3:1 ratio, and extended from full flexion during fluoroscopic recording. Recordings were repeated after each of CCLx, MMR and TTO. Fluoroscopic landmarks were used to calculate tibial subluxation and patellar ligament angle. Results Medial meniscal release resulted in additional cranial tibial subluxation compared with CCLx. Triple tibial osteotomy restored stifle stability up to a joint angle of 125 degrees. The presence of the crossover angle could be inferred from the patellar ligament angle and subluxation curves. Conclusion Our results suggest that in the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle, the crossover angle at which loading shifts between the caudal and cranial cruciate ligaments is dependent on both loading and integrity of the medial meniscus. Triple tibial osteotomy improves stifle stability over a wide range of joint angles under a quadricep to gastrocnemius loading ratio of 3:1 by converting cranial tibial thrust to caudal tibial thrust, due to TTO increasing the amount of joint extension required to reach the crossover angle.

scholarly journals Radiographic assessment of the proximal tibial angles in dogs and cats with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1190-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia D.P. Arruda ◽  
Leonardo A.L. Muzzi ◽  
Antonio C.C. Lacreta Junior ◽  
Ruthnéa A.L. Muzzi ◽  
Gabriela R. Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Common Tangent ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tangent Method ◽  
Healthy Dogs

ABSTRACT: The influence of the proximal tibial angles in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs is still controversial, and little is known regarding this topic in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the angles of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs and cats with and without CCL rupture. Retrospective and prospective radiographs of the stifle joints were obtained and divided into four groups. Group 1 was composed of 70 stifle joint images of dogs without orthopedic disorders (healthy dogs), group 2 had 70 stifle joint images of dogs with CCL rupture, group 3 had 50 stifle joint images of cats without orthopedic disorders (healthy cats) and group 4 had 25 stifle joint images of cats with CCL rupture. Radiographs were taken with the stifle joint in the mediolateral projection, positioned at the angle of hind limb support. Between the two groups of dogs evaluated, the dogs with CCL rupture had statistically greater tibial plateau angle (TPA) compared with healthy dogs. No difference was shown in relation to the TPA between healthy cats and cats with CCL rupture. In relation to the patellar ligament angle by tibial plateau method the values for the healthy dogs were significantly higher than those for the CCL ruptured dogs. Similarly, healthy cats had significantly higher mean values than cats with CCL rupture. In the patellar ligament angle by common tangent method there was no significantly difference between the two groups of dogs. Between the two groups of cats, animals with CCL rupture had statistically higher mean values than healthy cats. In general, the groups of dogs showed higher mean values than the groups of cats. For the patellar ligament insertion angle (PLIA) healthy dogs showed a significantly higher mean than dogs with CCL rupture. There was no significant difference between the groups of cats. In conclusion, the TPA and the PLIA possibly influence the etiology of CCL rupture in dogs but not in cats. The low patellar ligament angle measured by common tangent method may favorably influence the reduced incidence of CCL rupture in cats.

scholarly journals Thickness of the Stifle Joint Articular Cartilage in Different Large Animal Models of Cartilage Repair and Regeneration

Cartilage ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 194760352097676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Ruediger ◽  
Victoria Horbert ◽  
Anne Reuther ◽  
Pavan Kumar Kalla ◽  
Rainer H. Burgkart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cartilage Repair ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cartilage Thickness ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines

Objective Regulatory guidelines for preclinical cartilage repair studies suggest large animal models (e.g., sheep, goat, [mini]-pig, or horse) to obtain results representative for humans. However, information about the 3-dimensional thickness of articular cartilage at different implantation sites in these models is limited. Design To identify the most suitable site for experimental surgery, cartilage thickness at the medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), and trochlea in ovine, caprine, and porcine cadaver stifle joints was systematically measured using hematoxylin-eosin staining of 6 µm paraffin sections and software-based image analysis. Results Regarding all ventral-dorsal regions of the MFC, goat showed the thickest articular cartilage (maximal mean thickness: 1299 µm), followed by sheep (1096 µm) and mini-pig (604 µm), with the highest values in the most ventral and dorsal regions. Also for the LFC, the most ventral regions showed the thickest cartilage in goat (maximal mean thickness: 1118 µm), followed by sheep (678 µm) and mini-pig (607 µm). Except for the mini-pig, however, the cartilage thickness on the LFC was consistently lower than that on the MFC. The 3 species also differed along the transversal measuring points on the MFC and LFC. In contrast, there were no consistent differences for the regional cartilage thickness of the trochlea among goat and sheep (≥780 µm) and mini-pig (≤500 µm). Conclusions Based on their cartilage thickness, experimental defects on goat and sheep MFC may be viable options for preclinical cartilage repair studies, in addition to well-established horse models.

scholarly journals Comparison of the proximal tibial angles between Labrador Retrievers and other dog breeds with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1254-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. D. P. Arruda ◽  
L. A. L. Muzzi ◽  
R. A. L. Muzzi ◽  
A. C. C. Lacreta Júnior ◽  
G. Oberlender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Proximal Tibia ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Insertion Angle ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

ABSTRACTThe influence of the proximal tibia conformation in the rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs is still controversial, especially in Labrador Retrievers. The aim of this study was to compare the angles of the proximal tibia between Labrador Retrievers and other large breeds of dogs, both groups with and without CCL rupture. Radiographic images of 64 stifle joints were obtained and divided into four groups of 16 images. Group 1 consisted of Labrador dogs without orthopedic disorders, group 2 consisted of Labrador dogs with CCL rupture, group 3 consisted of dogs of various large breeds without orthopedic disorders, and group 4 consisted of dogs of various large breeds with CCL rupture. The radiographs were performed in mediolateral projection with the stifle joint positioned at an approximate angle of 135°. The tibial plateau angle showed an overall average of 22.17°±4.20°, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. The patellar ligament angle in relation to the tibial plateau had a mean of 103°±4.20°, and there was a significant difference between groups 1 and 4. The patellar ligament angle in relation to the common tangent at the tibiofemoral contact point showed an average of 99.06°±6.08°, and there was no difference between the groups. The patellar ligament insertion angle had an overall average of 51.45°±5.06°, and there was a significant difference between the two groups of normal dogs and two groups of ruptured dogs. In conclusion, the tibial plateau angle, the patellar ligament angles and the patellar ligament insertion angle do not seem to be predisposing factors for rupture of the CCL in Labrador Retriever dogs. In general, there seems to be no relationship between the angles of the proximal tibia and the CCL rupture in dogs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Imaging Methods for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis Induced by Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Cristina Brombini ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Ivan Felismino Charas dos Santos ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Miriam Tsunemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Tibial Condyle

Background:Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life of patients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimed to compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by the cranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results:Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. The radiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographic computed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateral femoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibial condyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy (95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes (hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness of the medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle (58.33%); alterations of the patellar tendon (12.5%) and extensor ligament (effusion and increased echogenicity) (20.83%).Discussion: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is common condition which limiting the quality of life of patients. Many studies performed in rabbits have evaluated the development of osteoarthritis through post-mortem macroscopic or microscopic assessments. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. High quality radiographs are accurate in identifying structural changes resulted from osteoarthritis, but computed tomography allows earlier identification in relation to conventional radiography. The three imaging modalities were helpful to identify the osteoarthritis, but the findings were different and compatible with each analysis method. The computed tomographic detected a higher number of osteophytes than plain radiographs. Also, osteophytes did not visualized by radiographic examination, such as medial tibial condyle and lateral tibial condyle, were identified by computed tomography. In turn, the ultrasound examination enabled identification of lesions did not seen on radiographic and computed tomography examinations. Synovial hypertrophy and joint effusion had the highest percentage. In human patients, ultrasound examination has been used to assess hypertrophy and inflammation of the synovium due to osteoarthritis. In conclusion, computerized tomography images provided more information than plain X-ray images and can be complemented by ultrasound examination to identify osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits.Comparison of Three Imaging Methods for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis Induced by Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in Rabbits

Determination of Graft Forces for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Dog

1996 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hulse ◽  
M. R. Slater ◽  
J. F. Hunter ◽  
W. A. Hyman ◽  
B. A. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Graft Fixation ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Insertion

SummaryA test apparatus that allowed the stifle to move in five degrees of freedom was used to determine the effect of graft location, graft preload, and flexion angle at the time of graft fixation on the tensile graft forces experienced by a replacement graft material used to simulate reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. Two graft locations (tibial insertion site of the patellar ligament and tibial insertion site of the cranial cruciate ligament), two graft preloads (5 N and 20 N), and three flexion angles at the time of graft fixation (15°, 30° and 90°) were examined. The tibial insertion site and preload did not have as great an effect on graft force as did the flexion angle of the limb at time of graft fixation. Graft forces were highest when reconstructions were performed with the limb in 90° of flexion (ρ <0.0001). This study supports the notion that intracapsular grafts should be fixed with the limb in a normal standing angle.A five degree of freedom test apparatus was used to evaluate the effect of graft location, graft preload, and limb flexion angle at time of graft fixation on reconstructions of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. Our results suggest that intracapsular grafts should not be fixed with the limb in 90° of flexion, but in a normal standing angle.

Biomechanical Properties of the Stifle Joint Lateral Collateral Ligament in Dogs

1992 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Blackketter ◽  
J Harari ◽  
J. Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Fibular Head ◽  
Joint Stability ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint

Bone/lateral collateral ligament/bone preparations were tested and structural mechanical properties compared to properties of cranial cruciate ligament in 15 dogs. The lateral collateral ligament has sufficient stiffness to provide stifle joint stability and strength to resist acute overload following fibular head transposition.

Effect of Suture Type on Stifle Joint Biomechanics After Extra-Articular Repair of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Bauer ◽  
W. E. Blevins ◽  
W. R. Widmer ◽  
Jaqueline Davidson ◽  
S. W. Aiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Ligament Rupture ◽  
Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Joint Biomechanics ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

SummaryThe effect of two suture types, monofilament polybutester and braided polyester, on stifle joint biomechanics after extra-articular repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture was evaluated by analysis of the instant centre of motion. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined radiographically on both stifles of eight fresh canine cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection. After ligament transection, all 16 stifles were repaired with an extra-articular technique utilizing a double strand of suture placed between the lateral fabella and the tibial tuberosity. One stifle on each cadaver was repaired with each suture type. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were re-evaluated post repair. All stifles had normal instant centres of motion prior to transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Neither ligament transection nor extra-articular repair with either suture type resulted in an abnormal change in the instant centre of motion.

scholarly journals Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Scores of the Canine Stifle Joint with Naturally Occurring Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Agnello ◽  
Kei Hayashi ◽  
Dorothy Cimino Brown
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
Trochlear Groove ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Medial Meniscal Tear ◽  
Severity Scores

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate frequency, location and severity of cartilage pathology in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. Study Design Stifle arthroscopic video recordings (n = 120) were reviewed. A modified Outerbridge classification system (MOCS) (0–4) was used to score cartilage at 10 locations in the femorotibial (medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaus) and patellofemoral compartments (proximal, middle and distal locations of the patella and femoral trochlear groove) of the stifle joint. Synovial pathology was scored and the presence of a medial meniscal tear was recorded. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate association of location and synovitis with cartilage score; and presence of meniscal tear with cartilage and synovitis scores. Bonferroni correction was utilized and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Cartilage pathology and synovitis were identified in all joints. Overall cartilage severity scores were low (median MOCS 1). The median MOCS of the proximal trochlear groove (2) was significantly higher than all other locations evaluated. Higher synovitis scores were significantly associated with higher cartilage severity scores and a medial meniscal tear had no association with cartilage severity scores or synovitis. Conclusion Arthroscopic articular cartilage lesions are common in dogs with CCL disease at the time of surgical intervention, although the severity of cartilage damage is mild. The proximal trochlear groove of the femur had the most severe cartilage score in the stifle joint.

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