scholarly journals Comparison of Three Imaging Methods for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis Induced by Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Cristina Brombini ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Ivan Felismino Charas dos Santos ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Miriam Tsunemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Tibial Condyle

Background:Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life of patients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimed to compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by the cranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results:Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. The radiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographic computed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateral femoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibial condyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy (95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes (hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness of the medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle (58.33%); alterations of the patellar tendon (12.5%) and extensor ligament (effusion and increased echogenicity) (20.83%).Discussion: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is common condition which limiting the quality of life of patients. Many studies performed in rabbits have evaluated the development of osteoarthritis through post-mortem macroscopic or microscopic assessments. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. High quality radiographs are accurate in identifying structural changes resulted from osteoarthritis, but computed tomography allows earlier identification in relation to conventional radiography. The three imaging modalities were helpful to identify the osteoarthritis, but the findings were different and compatible with each analysis method. The computed tomographic detected a higher number of osteophytes than plain radiographs. Also, osteophytes did not visualized by radiographic examination, such as medial tibial condyle and lateral tibial condyle, were identified by computed tomography. In turn, the ultrasound examination enabled identification of lesions did not seen on radiographic and computed tomography examinations. Synovial hypertrophy and joint effusion had the highest percentage. In human patients, ultrasound examination has been used to assess hypertrophy and inflammation of the synovium due to osteoarthritis. In conclusion, computerized tomography images provided more information than plain X-ray images and can be complemented by ultrasound examination to identify osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits.Comparison of Three Imaging Methods for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis Induced by Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in Rabbits

Arthroscopy of the normal cadaveric ovine femorotibial joint: a systematic approach to the cranial and caudal compartments

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Mansmann ◽  
T. P. Schaer ◽  
R. B. Modesto
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Common Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Valgus Stress ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Tibial Condyle

SummaryObjectives: Preclinical studies using large animal models play an intergral part in translational research. For this study, our objectives were: to develop and validate arthroscopic approaches to four compartments of the stifle joint as determined via the gross and arthroscopic anatomy of the cranial and caudal aspects of the joint.Methods: Cadaveric hindlimbs (n = 39) were harvested from mature ewes. The anatomy was examined by tissue dissection (n = 6), transverse sections (n = 4), and computed tomography (n = 4). The joint was arthroscopically explored in 25 hindlimbs.Results: A cranio-medial portal was created medial to the patellar ligament. The craniolateral portal was made medial to the extensor digitorum longus tendon. The medial femoral condyle was visible, as well as the cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament and both menisci with the inter-meniscal ligament. Valgus stress improved visibility of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus and tibial plateau. To explore the caudal compartments, a portal was created 1 cm proximal to the most caudal aspect of the tibial condyle. Both femoral condyles, menisci, caudal cruciate ligament, the popliteal tendon and the menisco-femoral ligament were visible. The common peroneal nerve and popliteal artery and vein are vulnerable structures to injury during arthroscopy.Clinical significance: The arthroscopic approach developed in this research is ideal to evaluate the ovine stifle joint.

An in vitro Comparison of Two Replacement Techniques Utilizing Fascia Lata after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog

1993 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fascia Lata ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Over The Top

SummaryThe immediate postoperative biomechanical properties of an “underand-over” cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) replacement technique consisting of fascia lata and the lateral onethird of the patellar ligament, were compared with that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The right CCL in twelve adult dogs was dissected out and replaced with an autograft. The contralateral, intact CCL served as the control. In group A, the graft was secured to the lateral femoral condyle with a spiked washer and screw. In group B the intracapsular graft was secured to the lateral femoro-fabellar ligament, and the remainder to the patellar tendon. Both CCL replacement techniques exhibited a 2.0 ± 0.5 mm anterior drawer immediately after the operation. After skeletonization of the stifles, the length and cross-sectional area of the intact CCL and CCL substitutes were determined. Each bone-ligament unit was tested in linear tension to failure at a fixed distraction rate of 15 mm/s with the stifle in 120° flexion. Data was processed to obtain the corresponding material parameters (modulus, stress and strain in the linear loading region, and energy absorption to maximum load).The immediate postoperative structural and material properties of the “under-and-over” cranial cruciate ligament replacement technique with autogenous fascia lata, were compared to that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The combined UOT T technique was slightly stronger (6%), but allowed 2.8 ± 0.9 mm more cranial tibial displacement at maximum linear force.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insertions on the Tibia and Femur and Their Relationships to Critical Bony Landmarks Using High-Resolution Volume-Rendering Computed Tomography

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2083-2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L Purnell ◽  
Andrew I. Larson ◽  
William Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Volume Rendering ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Lateral Meniscus ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
Tibial Eminence ◽  
Bony Landmarks ◽  
Tibial Condyle ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background Controversy exists regarding the locations of the anterior cruciate ligament insertions on the femur and tibia and visualization of these insertions during surgical reconstruction. Hypothesis Anatomical insertions of the anterior cruciate ligament have relationships to bony landmarks of the tibia and femur. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Eight cadaveric knees were scanned by computed tomography, reconstructed 3-dimensionally, and examined from simulated arthroscopic, sagittal, and axial perspectives. Volume-rendering software was used to document the relationship of the anterior cruciate ligament to the bony anatomy. Results A bony ridge (Resident's Ridge) at the anterior border of the anterior cruciate ligament was readily noted on the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. Superiorly, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted up to the roof of the notch and to 3 to 3.5 mm of the articular surface posteriorly and interiorly. The anterior cruciate ligament inserted into a fovea anterior to the tibial eminence. Posteriorly, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted up to a ridge between the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles. Medially, anterior cruciate ligament fibers inserted onto the ridge at the lateral border of the medial tibial condyle. There was no distinct anterior or lateral bony border with anterior cruciate ligament fibers blending into the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. Conclusion The anterior border of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament origin is Resident's Ridge. The ridge between the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles at the base of the tibial eminence is the posterior margin of the anterior cruciate ligament on the tibia. Clinical Relevance Bony landmarks can be used to aid in anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Osteochondral autograft transfer for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral condyle in dogs

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yeadon ◽  
C. van Terheijden ◽  
T. J. Smith ◽  
N. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Medial Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Osteochondral Autograft ◽  
Osteochondral Autograft Transfer

SummaryObjective: To describe the clinical application of osteochondral autograft transfer procedure for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the canine medial femoral condyle and to report clinical and force plate outcomes.Methods: Osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS™; Arthrex, Naples FL, USA) instrumentation was employed in six stifle joints of five dogs. Clinical examination was performed preoperatively and at two to three weeks, six to eight weeks, 12–18 weeks and at >22 months postoperatively. Radiography and arthroscopy were performed preoperatively and 12–18 weeks postoperatively. The followup examinations performed at 22 to 56 months included radiography, questionnaire completion with the owner, and force plate gait evaluation.Results: Articular surface reconstruction was radiographically (for 6 stifle joints) and arthroscopically (for 5 stifle joints) maintained at 12–18 weeks. Subjectively-assessed lameness resolved in five out of six stifles by the 12 to 18 week reassessment. Morbidity included lateral patellar luxation at seven weeks and cranial cruciate ligament rupture at 11 months postoperatively. At the >22 month re-evaluation examination, subjectively-assessed lameness and signs of discomfort were minimal. Owner perceptions of outcome were positive; force plate assessment of gait indicated that weight bearing on three out of six OAT implanted limbs was less than the contralateral limb, but these comparisons were not evaluated statistically. A progression in the development of osteophytes was radiographically evident.Clinical significance: The OAT procedure can reconstruct medial femoral condyle OCD defects in dogs. Long-term lameness and progressive osteophytosis may occur but can be associated with other pathology such as cruciate ligament insufficiency.

Isometry of potential suture attachment sites for the cranial cruciate ligament deficient canine stifle

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kue ◽  
J. Gemma ◽  
S. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Full Extension ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
A Site

SummaryFor a suture that spans a joint to provide support without limiting range of motion, its attachment points on either side of the joint must remain the same distance from each other from full extension to full flexion. The effect of location of the tibial crest attachment for a fabello- tibial crest suture was studied in seven canine cadaveric stifles. The distance from a fabella marker to each of 11 tibial markers was determined from radiographs of each limb, as it progressed from 150° to 130°, 105°, 90°, 65° and 45° of flexion. The marker locations that were more proximal and cranial on the tibial crest had the least percent change in distance. The effect of anchoring the suture to the femur at a site other than the fabella was investigated using the same radiographs. Five marks were placed in a grid on the caudal portion of the femoral condyle and supracondylar region. The mean percent change in length from each femoral point to the five more proximal and cranial tibial markers was determined. The least change in length occurred for those femoral points located close to the origin of the cranial cruciate ligament. Locations more proximal or cranial resulted in large changes in length, particularly when matched with less ideal tibial locations. Although this study does not directly examine length changes in sutures, it demonstrates that there are some locations for the origin and insertion of an extracapsular suture that are associated with less length change than others, and also forms the basis for future investigations.

Comparison of a novel extracapsular suture technique with a standard fabellotibial suture technique for cranial cruciate ligament repair using a custom-made limb-press model in cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1016-1024
Author(s):  
Bettina Lechner ◽  
Stephan Handschuh ◽  
Barbara Bockstahler ◽  
Alexander Tichy ◽  
Christian Peham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Suture Technique ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives The aim of our study was to compare the standard fabellotibial suture with Mini TightRope fixation for the treatment of a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture using a feline custom-made limb press. Methods Cadaveric hindlimbs of 10 cats were inserted in the limb press at predefined joint angles and loads of 10% and 30% body weight (BW) were applied. Mediolateral radiographs were taken and three-dimensional coordinates were recorded using a microscribe digitiser, with intact and transected CCLs and after either fabellotibial suture or Mini TightRope fixation were performed. Different distances and angles from radiographs or microscribe coordinates were analysed. Results Radiographic distances from the femoral condyle to the cranial edge of the tibia (X1–X2) were higher in CCL-deficient stifles than in intact stifles at 10% and 30% BW loads. All fabellotibial sutures and Mini TightRope fixations neutralised excessive cranial tibial thrust. A significant difference in the distance between the patella and tibial tuberosity (D2) was observed between CCL-deficient limbs and Mini TightRope-fixed limbs at 10% BW load ( P <0.04). A significant difference in the distance between the tibial tuberosity and lateral collateral ligament of the femur (D3) was observed between the intact and transected CCLs on the left legs at 10% BW load ( P <0.003) and on both legs at 30% BW load ( P <0.002). Furthermore, we observed significant differences between CCL-deficient left legs and Mini TightRope-treated legs at 10% BW load ( P <0.003). With regard to fabellotibial suture-treated legs, we observed significant differences between transected limbs and fixed limbs at 30% BW load ( P <0.004). W1 (craniocaudal angle) and W2 (mediolateral angle) showed significant differences between intact and transected CCLs and between transected and fixed limbs at 30% BW load ( P <0.004). Conclusions and relevance Fixation of CCL-deficient stifles with lateral fabellotibial suture, as well as Mini TightRope tightened with a 20 N load, produces good biomechanical stability, as detected via radiographic assessment.

scholarly journals Quantitative evaluation of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease by stress radiography

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuki Kaimoto ◽  
Yukihiro Fujita ◽  
Nobuo Kanno ◽  
Brian Beale ◽  
Yasushi Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N 93 ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Fat Pad Sign ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

Abstract BACKGROUND To establish a quantitative parameter reflecting displacement of the tibia relative to the femoral condyle in dogs with damage to the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL).ANIMALS One hundred and forty-eight client-owned dogs with intact (n=34), partial rupture (n=43), or complete rupture (n=93) of the CrCL confirmed by arthroscopy of the stifle joint.PROCEDURES The Cranial Tibial Displacement Index (CTDI) was measured on mediolateral radiographs obtained in lateral recumbency with the tarsal and stifle joints at 90° of flexion. The sensitivity and specificity of the CTDI for assessment of CrCL damage was compared with that of the cranial drawer test, tibial compression test, fat pad sign, and radiographic OA score.RESULTS The mean CTDI (mean ±SD) scores were 0.5±0.1, 0.8±0.2, and 1.2±0.3 in the groups with an intact, partially ruptured, and completely ruptured CrCL, respectively; the differences between the three study groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the CTDI for distinguishing damaged and intact CrCLs were 89.0%, 85.3%, 96.0%, and 65.9%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The CTDI, which quantifies cranial displacement of the tibia, could be an objective indicator reflecting the grade of CrCL damage. CrCL injury could be evaluated indirectly from the CTDI score, which may allow a minimally invasive early diagnosis of a ruptured CrCL.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document