scholarly journals CHEMICAL SUPPORT OF TROOPS DURING WORLD WAR II

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Aleksey N. Malinka ◽  
Aleksey V. Anisimov ◽  
Aleksandr K. Kartashov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
German Air Force

When it attacked the USSR, Nazi Germany possessed signifi cant chemical weapons. Chemical support thus became one of the main kinds of operational (combat) support. Short-term course has been created for chemical service commanders and personnel chemical specialists training. The Red Army’s general attention was paid to the chemical defence measures, to eliminate the enemy manpower, weapons and military equipment by use of the fl amethrower and incendiary means, smoke screens were used to mask. Chemical detection and the prevention of chemical weapons use involved chemical, meteorological monitoring; chemical reconnaissance was provided mostly by chemical troops. It took a lot to provide troops with necessary chemical defence means. The fl amethrowers` mission was to burn the enemy out of long-term fi re facilities and fortifi ed buildings, to block strongholds, and to destroy tanks and armoured personnel carriers. Smoke screens were used to mask rear objects, important industrial facilities in cities, railway junctions, bridges and crossings. Smoke screens masking signifi cantly reduced the effectiveness of German air force bombing.

“From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
Martha Lampland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Physical Capacity ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Structural Character ◽  
History Of

Two wage systems designed to improve productivity among Hungarian workers are compared. The first, calorie money, was a short-term solution to keep workers properly nourished and hard at work in a capitalist economy in the midst of inflationary chaos at the end of World War II. The second, technical norms, was a long-term project initiated by the socialist state to design norms based on workers’ physical capacity in order to extract the greatest amount of effort most efficiently. In both cases, wages were set according to the level of exertion expended by the worker, not by output, which is commonly understood to be the measure of productivity. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to situate the early socialist project in Hungary within a longer history of rationalization and scientific management in the first half of the twentieth century; and (2) to explain how different conceptualizations of labor generate distinct approaches to determining wages and establishing norm rates. This approach draws attention to two central questions: the structural character of the transition to socialism in 1940s Hungary and the historical contingencies of the definition and assessment of work.

scholarly journals Inefficiency of SIR models in forecasting COVID-19 epidemic: a case study of Isfahan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva Moein ◽  
Niloofar Nickaeen ◽  
Amir Roointan ◽  
Niloofar Borhani ◽  
Zarifeh Heidary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Isfahan Province ◽  
Stringency Level

AbstractThe multifaceted destructions caused by COVID-19 have been compared to that of World War II. What makes the situation even more complicated is the ambiguity about the duration and ultimate spread of the pandemic. It is especially critical for the governments, healthcare systems, and economic sectors to have an estimate of the future of this disaster. By using different mathematical approaches, including the classical susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model and its derivatives, many investigators have tried to predict the outbreak of COVID-19. In this study, we simulated the epidemic in Isfahan province of Iran for the period from Feb 14th to April 11th and also forecasted the remaining course with three scenarios that differed in terms of the stringency level of social distancing. Despite the prediction of disease course in short-term intervals, the constructed SIR model was unable to forecast the actual spread and pattern of epidemic in the long term. Remarkably, most of the published SIR models developed to predict COVID-19 for other communities, suffered from the same inconformity. The SIR models are based on assumptions that seem not to be true in the case of the COVID-19 epidemic. Hence, more sophisticated modeling strategies and detailed knowledge of the biomedical and epidemiological aspects of the disease are needed to forecast the pandemic.

Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Attila Hoare
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
Guerrilla Movements ◽  
History Of

This volume is a study of revolution, genocide and national identity in Bosnia-Hercegovina during World War II. It explains the civil war between two rival guerrilla movements — the Partisans and the Chetniks — both in terms of long-term socio-economic and cultural fissures in Bosnia-Hercegovina, and in terms of short-term differences in policy and ideology. A chronological narrative history of the Bosnian Partisan movement allows the reader to understand how it evolved, as it first provoked the emergence of its Chetnik rival, and was then forced to adapt under pressure from the latter.

Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Negative Sense

Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.

Suburban Growth in the Atomic West

Vulcan ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-124
Author(s):  
Layne Karafantis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Economic Geography ◽  
White Collar ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Shortage ◽  
Technological Complex ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
The Town ◽  
Middle Class Families

One company—Sandia Laboratories—transformed the economic geography, demographics, and future of postwar Albuquerque. Sandia’s construction and expansion during and after World War II drew thousands of educated newcomers to town while creating an instant housing shortage. After 1950, the growing presence of Sandia, nearby Kirtland Air Force Base, and the huge technological complex that emerged on the desolate foothills of the Sandia Mountains thrust Albuquerque northeastward in a new direction. Over time, this wave of suburbanization set the precedent for a northward building trend that, by the 1970s, would spill northwestward from Bernalillo into neighboring Sandoval County. It all began with Sandia. The so-called “science suburbs” of the 1950s and 1960s gradually filled the Northeast Heights with a new population of white-collar, upper-middle-class families and individuals that made Albuquerque a dynamic, modern city characterized by scientific research, higher education, and a strong federal presence. Local boosters used the introduction of the Lab to portray Duke City as a diverse metropolis, welcoming industry and growth. “Duke City” is a nickname for Albuquerque that hearkens to the Spanish Duke of Alburquerque for whom the town was named. The first “r” in Alburquerque was eventually dropped from the city’s name.

Military Industry Evacuation at the Beginning of World War II and the NKVD

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Uta G. Lagvilava ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Internal Affairs

A few months after the fascist Germany’s attack on the USSR, under harsh wartime conditions, at the end of 1941 military industry of the Soviet Union began to produce such a quantity of military equipment that subsequently was providing not only replenishment of losses, but also improvement of technical equipment of the Red Army forces . Successful production of military equipment during World War II became one of the main factors in the victory over fascism. One of the unlit pages in affairs of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) is displacement and evacuation of a huge number of enterprises and people to the east, beyond the Urals, which were occupied by German troops at the beginning of the war in the summer of 1941. All this was done according to the plans developed with direct participation of NKVD, which united before the beginning and during the war departments now called the Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, SVR, the Russian Guard, Ministry of Emergency Situations, FAPSI and several smaller ones. And all these NKVD structures during the war were headed by Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria.

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