scholarly journals A review: life cycle assessment of cotton textiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
FANGLI CHEN ◽  
XIANG JI ◽  
JIANG CHU ◽  
PINGHUA XU ◽  
LAILI WANG

A significant amount of research has been published on the environmental impact assessment of cotton textiles using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. This review summarized and analysed the findings of these publications, and presented valuable insights for identifying the hotspots that have considerable potential for reducing the environmental burden of cotton textiles. The relevant papers were selected according to two criteria: life cycle assessment of cotton textiles or footprint of cotton textiles. Subsequently, key features were screened and critically analysed: functional unit, system boundary, data sources and geographic location, and impact assessment methods and impact categories. We found that there is an emerging market demand to transform conventional cotton to organic cotton. From the global perspective, a spatially explicit LCA of cotton textiles should be conducted. In addition, a comprehensive and holistic life cycle impact assessment containing more impact categories that are appropriate to cotton textiles is required. LCA is a well-justified approach among practitioners and researchers and has been widely applied to the topic of cotton textiles. This methodology should be studied and developed further to more precisely evaluate the environmental impacts of cotton textiles.

Author(s):  
John Reap ◽  
Bert Bras ◽  
Patrick J. Newcomb ◽  
Carol Carmichael

Drawing from the substantial body of literature on life cycle assessment / analysis (LCA), the article summarizes the methodology’s limitations and failings, discusses some proposed improvements and suggests an additional improvement. After describing the LCA methodology within the context of ISO guidelines, the article summaries the limitations and failings inherent in the method’s life cycle inventory and impact assessment phases. The article then discusses improvements meant to overcome problems related to lumped parameter, static, site-independent modeling. Finally, the article suggests a remedy for some of the problems with LCA. Linking industrial models with spatially explicit, dynamic and site-specific ecosystem models is suggested as a means of improving the impact assessment phase of LCA.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristína Kováčiková ◽  
◽  
Antonín Kazda

The paper is focused on the assessment of the environmental impacts of transport infrastructure and individual types of transport using the life cycle assessment method. The paper contains a description of the basic terminology of the problem related to transport, the environment and methods of environmental impact assessment. The paper contains analysis on monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from a global perspective as well as from a regional perspective focused on Slovakia. The aim of the paper is to create a proposal for the assessment of environmental impacts of transport infrastructure, in the form of specification of areas of assessment for selected types of transport with a focus on carbon dioxide emissions. Using the knowledge and principles of the life cycle method, a proposal for relevant indicators and a proposal for a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of selected types of transport, focused on carbon dioxide emissions, is created in the paper


Author(s):  
Fernanda Belizario Silva ◽  
Olga Satomi Yoshida ◽  
Elisabeth Donega Diestelkamp ◽  
Luciana Alves de Oliveira

The development of representative Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) is fundamental to enable the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a decision tool. Capital goods, such as buildings and machinery (infrastructure), are particularly difficult to determine and are therefore commonly based on rough estimates, even in international databases. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of considering capital goods on the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) results of six construction products: sand, gravel, clinker, cement, concrete and concrete block. LCI are based on ecoinvent version 3.4 and impact assessment was done using the CML 1A baseline method. We compare the LCIA results with and without infrastructure by using the Monte Carlo analysis to account for the increase in total uncertainty caused by the inclusion of the highly uncertain capital goods flows. The difference between LCIA results with and without infrastructure is not significant for global warming, acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidation and fossil fuels depletion; and is considered high for toxicity impact categories and abiotic elements depletion. However, these impact categories influenced by infrastructure have limited applicability for decision making in construction. Furthermore, changing capital goods is difficult due to required investments and therefore, unlikely to be a strategy for improving the environmental performance of construction products. Thus, we consider that the added value to LCA by the inclusion of capital goods is low, since uncertainty remains high, while the efforts to collect them are significant, thus questioning its inclusion in LCA studies and databases by default.  Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment. Capital goods. Infrastructure. Construction Products. Uncertainty.ResumoO desenvolvimento de inventários de ciclo de vida (ICV) representativos é fundamental para o uso da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) como ferramenta de decisão. Bens de capital, como construções e maquinário (infraestrutura), são difíceis de serem inventariados e, por isso, baseiam-se normalmente em estimativas grosseiras, mesmo em bases de dados internacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar os efeitos de considerar os bens de capital nos resultados de Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) de seis produtos de construção: areia, brita, clínquer, cimento, concreto e bloco de concreto. Os ICVs são baseados no ecoinvent versão 3.4 e a avaliação de impacto utiliza o método CML 1A baseline. Compararam-se os resultados de AICV com e sem a infraestrutura, utilizando a análise de Monte Carlo para contabilizar o aumento na incerteza causado pelos fluxos de bens de capital, que possuem incerteza alta. A diferença entre os resultados de AICV com e sem infraestrutura não é significativa para aquecimento global, acidificação, eutrofização, depleção de ozônio, oxidação fotoquímica e depleção de recursos fósseis; e é alta para categorias de impacto relacionadas à toxicidade e depleção de recursos abióticos. Entretanto, estas categorias de impacto influenciadas pela infraestrutura têm aplicabilidade limitada na construção. Além disso, alterar os bens de capital é difícil, devido aos investimentos requeridos e, portanto, pouco provável como estratégia de melhoria do desempenho ambiental de produtos de construção. Portanto, considera-se que o valor agregado à ACV pela inclusão dos bens de capital é baixo, pois a incerteza permanece alta, enquanto o esforço para coleta de dados destes fluxos é significativo, questionando-se a inclusão dos bens de capital em estudos e bases de dados de ACV como padrão.  Palavras-chave: Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Bens de Capital. Infraestrutura. Produtos de Construção. Incerteza.ResumenEl desarrollo de inventarios de ciclo de vida representativos es fundamental para el uso de la Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida como herramienta de decisión. Los bienes de capital, como las construcciones y la maquinaria (infraestructura), son difíciles de inventariar y se basan normalmente en estimaciones groseras, incluso en bases de datos internacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar los efectos de considerar los bienes de capital en los resultados de Evaluación de Impacto del Ciclo de Vida de seis productos de construcción: arena, gravas, clinquer, cemento, hormigón y bloque de hormigón. Los inventarios se basan en ecoinvent versión 3.4 y la evaluación de impacto utiliza el método CML 1A baseline. Se compararon los resultados de impacto con y sin la infraestructura, utilizando el análisis de Monte Carlo para contabilizar el aumento en la incertidumbre causada por los flujos de bienes de capital, que tienen incertidumbre alta. La diferencia entre los resultados de AICV con y sin infraestructura no es significativa para el calentamiento global, acidificación, eutrofización, depleción de ozono, oxidación fotoquímica y depleción de recursos fósiles; y es alta para las categorías de impacto relacionadas con la toxicidad y la depleción de recursos abióticos. Sin embargo, estas categorías de impacto influenciadas por la infraestructura tienen una aplicabilidad limitada en la construcciónn. Además, alterar los bienes de capital es difícil, debido a las inversiones requeridas y, por lo tanto, poco probable como estrategia para mejorar el desempeño ambiental. Por lo tanto, se considera que el valor agregado a la ACV por la inclusión de los bienes de capital es bajo, pues la incertidumbre permanece alta, mientras que el esfuerzo para recolectar datos de estos flujos es significativo, cuestionándose la inclusión de los bienes de capital en estudios y bases de datos de ACV como estándar.  Palabras clave: Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida. Bienes de Capital. Infraestructura. Productos de Construcción. Incertidumbre.


Author(s):  
Elias Marvinney ◽  
Alissa Kendall

Abstract Purpose California’s Central Valley produces more than 75% of global commercial almond supply, making the life cycle performance of almond production in California of global interest. This article describes the life cycle assessment of California almond production using a Scalable, Process-based, Agronomically Responsive Cropping System Life Cycle Assessment (SPARCS-LCA) model that includes crop responses to orchard management and modeling of California’s water supply and biomass energy infrastructure. Methods A spatially and temporally resolved LCA model was developed to reflect the regional climate, resource, and agronomic conditions across California’s Central Valley by hydrologic subregion (San Joaquin Valley, Sacramento Valley, and Tulare Lake regions). The model couples a LCA framework with region-specific data, including water supply infrastructure and economics, crop productivity response models, and dynamic co-product markets, to characterize the environmental performance of California almonds. Previous LCAs of California almond found that irrigation and management of co-products were most influential in determining life cycle CO2eq emissions and energy intensity of California almond production, and both have experienced extensive changes since previous studies due to drought and changing regulatory conditions, making them a focus of sensitivity and scenario analysis. Results and discussion Results using economic allocation show that 1 kg of hulled, brown-skin almond kernel at post-harvest facility gate causes 1.92 kg CO2eq (GWP100), 50.9 MJ energy use, and 4820 L freshwater use, with regional ranges of 2.0–2.69 kg CO2eq, 42.7–59.4 MJ, and 4540–5150 L, respectively. With a substitution approach for co-product allocation, 1 kg almond kernel results in 1.23 kg CO2eq, 18.05 MJ energy use, and 4804 L freshwater use, with regional ranges of 0.51–1.95 kg CO2eq, 3.68–36.5 MJ, and 4521–5140 L, respectively. Almond freshwater use is comparable with other nut crops in California and globally. Results showed significant variability across subregions. While the San Joaquin Valley performed best in most impact categories, the Tulare Lake region produced the lowest eutrophication impacts. Conclusion While CO2eq and energy intensity of almond production increased over previous estimates, so too did credits to the system for displacement of dairy feed. These changes result from a more comprehensive model scope and improved assumptions, as well as drought-related increases in groundwater depth and associated energy demand, and decreased utilization of biomass residues for energy recovery due to closure of bioenergy plants in California. The variation among different impact categories between subregions and over time highlight the need for spatially and temporally resolved agricultural LCA.


Author(s):  
V. Russo ◽  
A. E. Strever ◽  
H. J. Ponstein

Abstract Purpose Following the urgency to curb environmental impacts across all sectors globally, this is the first life cycle assessment of different wine grape farming practices suitable for commercial conventional production in South Africa, aiming at better understanding the potentials to reduce adverse effects on the environment and on human health. Methods An attributional life cycle assessment was conducted on eight different scenarios that reduce the inputs of herbicides and insecticides compared against a business as usual (BAU) scenario. We assess several impact categories based on ReCiPe, namely global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial toxicity, freshwater toxicity, marine toxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity and human non-carcinogenic toxicity, human health and ecosystems. A water footprint assessment based on the AWARE method accounts for potential impacts within the watershed. Results and discussion Results show that in our impact assessment, more sustainable farming practices do not always outperform the BAU scenario, which relies on synthetic fertiliser and agrochemicals. As a main trend, most of the impact categories were dominated by energy requirements of wine grape production in an irrigated vineyard, namely the usage of electricity for irrigation pumps and diesel for agricultural machinery. The most favourable scenario across the impact categories provided a low diesel usage, strongly reduced herbicides and the absence of insecticides as it applied cover crops and an integrated pest management. Pesticides and heavy metals contained in agrochemicals are the main contributors to emissions to soil that affected the toxicity categories and impose a risk on human health, which is particularly relevant for the manual labour-intensive South African wine sector. However, we suggest that impacts of agrochemicals on human health and the environment are undervalued in the assessment. The 70% reduction of toxic agrochemicals such as Glyphosate and Paraquat and the 100% reduction of Chlorpyriphos in vineyards hardly affected the model results for human and ecotoxicity. Our concerns are magnified by the fact that manual labour plays a substantial role in South African vineyards, increasing the exposure of humans to these toxic chemicals at their workplace. Conclusions A more sustainable wine grape production is possible when shifting to integrated grape production practices that reduce the inputs of agrochemicals. Further, improved water and related electricity management through drip irrigation, deficit irrigation and photovoltaic-powered irrigation is recommendable, relieving stress on local water bodies, enhancing drought-preparedness planning and curbing CO2 emissions embodied in products.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2898
Author(s):  
Rakhyun Kim ◽  
Myung-Kwan Lim ◽  
Seungjun Roh ◽  
Won-Jun Park

This study analyzed the characteristics of the environmental impacts of apartment buildings, a typical housing type in South Korea, as part of a research project supporting the streamlined life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of buildings within the G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) framework. Three recently built apartment building complexes were chosen as study objects for the quantitative evaluation of the buildings in terms of their embodied environmental impacts (global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential), using the LCA approach. Additionally, we analyzed the emission trends according to the cut-off criteria of the six environmental impact categories by performing an S-LCA with cut-off criteria 90–99% of the cumulative weight percentile. Consequently, we were able to present the cut-off criterion best suited for S-LCA and analyze the effect of the cut-off criteria on the environmental impact analysis results. A comprehensive environmental impact analysis of the characteristics of the six environmental impact categories revealed that the error rate was below 5% when the cut-off criterion of 97.5% of the cumulative weight percentile was applied, thus verifying its validity as the optimal cut-off criterion for S-LCA.


2016 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Sunil Kumar ◽  
S. Parvathi ◽  
R. Rudramoorthy

OENO One ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Rouault ◽  
Sandra Beauchet ◽  
Christel Renaud-Gentie ◽  
Frédérique Jourjon

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), this study aims to compare the environmental impacts of two different viticultural technical management routes (TMRs); integrated and organic) and to identify the operations that contribute the most to the impacts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: LCA impact scores were expressed in two functional units: 1 ha of cultivated area and 1 kg of collected grape. We studied all operations from field preparation before planting to the end-of-life of the vine. Inputs and outputs were transformed into potential environmental impacts thanks to SALCA™ (V1.02) and USETox™ (V1.03) methods. Plant protection treatments were a major cause of impact for both TMRs for fuel-related impact categories. For both TMRs, the main contributors to natural resource depletion and freshwater ecotoxicity were trellis system installation and background heavy metal emissions, respectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study shows that the studied organic TMR has higher impact scores than the integrated TMR for all the chosen impact categories except eutrophication. However, the chosen TMRs are only typical of integrated and organic viticulture in Loire Valley and some emission models (heavy metal, fuel-related emissions, and nitrogen emissions) have to be improved in order to better assess the environmental impacts of viticulture. Soil quality should also be integrated to LCA results in viticulture because this lack may be a disadvantage for organic viticulture.</p><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This study is among the first to compare LCA results of an integrated and an organic TMR.


Author(s):  
Titi Tiara Anasstasia ◽  
Muhammad Mufti Azis

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) adalah salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi sistem pengelolaan sampah berdasarkan nilai potensi dampak yang dihasilkan. Bank Sampah Asoka Berseri di Kabupaten Tuban merupakan salah satu contoh unit pengolah sampah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi potensi dampak dari timbulan sampah secara kualitas maupun kuantitas di wilayah pedesaan. Tujuan studi ini adalah menghitung dan mengevaluasi potensi dampak lingkungan yang dihasilkan dari program bank sampah, kemudian dibandingkan dengan penanganan sampah konvensional yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan CML Baseline v4.4 dan 14000 standar ISO, meliputi goal and scope, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan interpretasi. Simulasi LCA dilakukan dengan Software OpenLCA untuk menghitung nilai potensi dampak dari setiap kilogram sampah yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, setiap 1 kg sampah yang dikelola oleh bank sampah menghasilkan potensi dampak pemanasan global lebih rendah (6,395 kg CO2 eq.) dibandingkan dengan penimbunan (13,057 kg CO2 eq.) dan pembakaran (10,850 kg CO2 eq.). Pengolahan sampah lebih lanjut menjadi RDF dan kompos di bank sampah berpotensi menghasilkan dampak lingkungan lebih rendah dan menambah pendapatan masyarakat.


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