Study of Life Cycle Assessment of Bricks and the Impacts to the Environment in Malaysia

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of products chosen from the manufacturing phase and the end-of life cycle of the material and in clay brick and concrete were chose as the observed products. Brick is one of the important construction materials that can be seen at the surrounding. Main objective for this study is to investigate the impact of production of different types of brick to the level of emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment. Four stages of life cycle assessment were conducted before the result for the study analysis can be obtained and that stages including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and the interpretation part. The results obtained from the simulation of the Simapro shown that the concrete contributes more negative impact compared production of clay brick in terms of global warming, ozone depletion, formation of fine particulate matter and ozone formation. Manufacture of clay brick contributes more negative impact to the ionizing radiation, freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity.

A framework for implementing holistic and integrated life cycle sustainability assessment of regional bioeconomy

Purpose Currently, social, environmental, and economic risks and chances of bioeconomy are becoming increasingly a subject of applied sustainability assessments. Based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) aims to combine or integrate social, environmental, and economic assessments. In order to contribute to the current early stage of LCSA development, this study seeks to identify a practical framework for integrated LCSA implementation. Methods We select possible indicators from existing suitable LCA and LCSA approaches as well as from the literature, and allocate them to a sustainability concept for holistic and integrated LCSA (HILCSA), based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order to conduct a practical implementation of HILCSA, we choose openLCA, because it offers the best current state and most future potential for application of LCSA. Therefore, not only the capabilities of the software and databases, but also the supported methods of life cycle impact assessments (LCIA) are evaluated regarding the requirements of the indicator set and goal and scope of future case studies. Results and discussion This study presents an overview of available indicators and LCIAs for bioeconomy sustainability assessments as well as their link to the SDGs. We provide a practical framework for HILCSA of regional bioeconomy, which includes an indicator set for regional (product and territorial) bioeconomy assessment, applicable with current software and databases, LCIA methods and methods of normalization, weighting, and aggregation. The implementation of HILCSA in openLCA allows an integrative LCSA by conducting all steps in a single framework with harmonized, aggregated, and coherent results. HILCSA is capable of a sustainability assessment in terms of planetary boundaries, provisioning system and societal needs, as well as communication of results to different stakeholders. Conclusions Our framework is capable of compensating some deficits of S-LCA, E-LCA, and economic assessments by integration, and shows main advantages compared to additive LCSA. HILCSA is capable of addressing 15 out of 17 SDGs. It addresses open questions and significant problems of LCSAs in terms of goal and scope, LCI, LCIA, and interpretation. Furthermore, HILCSA is the first of its kind actually applicable in an existing software environment. Regional bioeconomy sustainability assessment is bridging scales of global and regional effects and can inform stakeholders comprehensively on various impacts, hotspots, trade-offs, and synergies of regional bioeconomy. However, significant research needs in LCIAs, software, and indicator development remain.

Dynamics of Development of Folklore Festivals in Volyn in the Late 20th Century. Features of Formation

The paper addresses the problems of Volyn festival movement. The aim of this study is to consider the specifics of Volyn folklore festivals “Berehynia” and “Polissia Summer With Folklore” as prominent international projects. The research included collecting information from various sources (books, magazine and newspaper articles, interviews with organizers and participants, observations), analytical processing of this information, description of important facts, comparison of festivals by project size, age and social status of the audience, festival goal and scope, frequency, as well as social, demographic, geographical, professional status of their participants, conceptual differences and features, place and nature of events, ways to present projects to the general public and others. As a result, it was concluded that “Berehynia” is a festival of a classical mode while “Polissia Summer With Folklore” is a festival of a non-classical mode.

A Cradle to Gate Approach for Life-Cycle-Assessment of Blisk Manufacturing

The aviation industry has been growing continuously over the past decades. Despite the current Covid-19 crisis, this trend is likely to resume in the near future. On an international level, initiatives like the Green Recovery Plan promoted by the European Union set the basis towards a more environmentally friendly future approach for the aero-industry. The increasing air traffic and the focus on a more sustainable industry as a whole lead to an extensive need for a more balanced assessment of a products life cycle especially on an ecological level. Blisks (or IBRs) remain a central component of every current and very possible every future aero engine configuration. Their advantages during operation compared to conventional compressor rotors are met with a considerably complex manufacturing and production process. In the high-pressure compressor segment of an engine, the material selection is limited to Titanium alloys such as Ti6Al4V and heat-resistant Nickel-alloys such as Inconel718. The corresponding process chains consist of numerous different process steps starting with the initial raw material extraction and ending with the quality assurance (cradle to gate). Especially the central milling process requires a highly qualified process design to ensure a part of sufficient quality. Life-Cycle-Assessments enable an investigation of a products overall environmental impact and ecological footprint throughout its distinct life-cycle. Formal LCAs are generally divided by international standards into four separate steps of analysis: the goal and scope definition, the acquisition of Life Cycle-Inventory, the Life-Cycle-Impact-Assessment and the interpretation. This content of this paper focuses on a general approach for Life-Cycle-Assessment for Blisk manufacturing. • Firstly, the goal and scope is set by presenting three separate process chain scenarios for Blisk manufacturing, which mainly differ in terms of raw material selection and individual process selections for blade manufacturing. • Secondly, the LCI data (Life-Cycle Inventory) acquisition is illustrated by defining all significant in- and outputs of each individual process step. • Thirdly, the approach of a Life-Cycle-Impact-Assessment is presented by introducing the modelling approach in an LCA-software environment. • Fourthly, an outlook and discussion on relevant impact-indicators for a subsequent interpretation of future results are conducted.

Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Alternatif dalam Pengelolaan Tambang Batubara sebagai Sumber Energi yang Ramah terhadap Lingkungan

Penggunaan alternative di masa masa seperti sekarang ini sangat diperlukan. Hal yang paling signfikan adalah penggunaan bahan bakar untuk pengolahan bahan mineral seperti batubara, nikel, tembaga dan lain sebagainya. Dengan penggunaan bahan bakar alternative akan memberikan solusi apabila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak bumi yang sebentar lagi akan mulai habis. Batubara berkontribusi terhadap hujan asam dan kabut asap, terutama ketika dibakar tanpa scrubber. Studi LCA lengkap yang berisi analisis dampak (endpoint impact category) berdasarkan beberapa kategori kesehatan manusia (human health), ekosistem (ecosystem), dan sumber daya air (water resources). Analisis siklus hidup ini dilakukan untuk jenis logam di industri pertambangan. Analisis siklus hidup digunakan untuk menganalisis dampaknya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan pemanasan global. Akan dibutuhkan pengolahan dan penggunaan bahan bakar alternative tersebut sebagai sumber energi. Di dalam penelitian pengolahan data akan sangat dibutuhkan apabila pada saat melihat pengaruh dari penggunaan bahan bakar alternative terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang ada di sekitarnya. Dampak penggunaan listrik yang dikonsumsi untuk proses penambangan akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap meningkatnya efek pada pemanasan global. Fuzzy logic yang akan dikombinasikan dengan penggunaan metode LCA di dalam penelitian ini untuk membantu proses di dalam hal mengumpulkan data menggunakan kuesioner yang dipandu selama fase tujuan dan ruang lingkup (goal and scope) dan analisis persediaan. Selanjutnya metode open LCA untuk melihat hasil yang diperoleh dari data sekunder pada database yang diperoleh sebagai data sekunder. Dari hasil penelitian memberikan nilai 2,5 untuk proses land clearing dan top soil hauling dan nilai 2 untuk over burden stripping nilai 2 over burden disposal, nilai 2 untuk coal hauling dan hasil output memberikan nilai 0,529 untuk global warming potential.

Exploring the current challenges and emerging approaches in whole building life cycle assessment

The environmental impacts of building stock has received significant attention as buildings release one third of total greenhouse gas emissions. Whole-building life cycle assessment (WBLCA) has become a trend to address this limitation by ensuring best environmental performance of a building However, the current WBLCA development faces many challenges which makes it hard to create reliable and comparable results. The study aims to conduct a critical literature review to summarize the current challenges on WBLCA applications, and the emerging approaches that might address these challenges. Three main challenges are listed: variances on goal and scope definition, building structure complexity, and varieties on LCA database and methods. Emerging approaches are also presented to address these challenges including integration of BIM into WBLCA and EPD applications in impact assessments. Findings of this study could support researchers and decision makers with the most popular approaches to conduct WBLCA and achieve reliable outputs.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) kegiatan bank sampah di pedesaan (Bank Sampah Asoka Berseri, Desa Sokosari, Tuban)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) adalah salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi sistem pengelolaan sampah berdasarkan nilai potensi dampak yang dihasilkan. Bank Sampah Asoka Berseri di Kabupaten Tuban merupakan salah satu contoh unit pengolah sampah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi potensi dampak dari timbulan sampah secara kualitas maupun kuantitas di wilayah pedesaan. Tujuan studi ini adalah menghitung dan mengevaluasi potensi dampak lingkungan yang dihasilkan dari program bank sampah, kemudian dibandingkan dengan penanganan sampah konvensional yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan CML Baseline v4.4 dan 14000 standar ISO, meliputi goal and scope, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan interpretasi. Simulasi LCA dilakukan dengan Software OpenLCA untuk menghitung nilai potensi dampak dari setiap kilogram sampah yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, setiap 1 kg sampah yang dikelola oleh bank sampah menghasilkan potensi dampak pemanasan global lebih rendah (6,395 kg CO2 eq.) dibandingkan dengan penimbunan (13,057 kg CO2 eq.) dan pembakaran (10,850 kg CO2 eq.). Pengolahan sampah lebih lanjut menjadi RDF dan kompos di bank sampah berpotensi menghasilkan dampak lingkungan lebih rendah dan menambah pendapatan masyarakat.

The hierarchical finite cell method for nonlinear problems: Moment fitting quadratures, basis function removel, and remeshing

In this thesis, several approaches are discussed in order to further enhance the performance of the finite cell method (FCM). Thereby, novel moment fitting quadrature schemes are introduced that allow to reduce the effort of the numerical integration process significantly. Further, a basis function removal scheme is proposed to improve the conditioning behavior of the resulting equation system. Finally, an innovative remeshing strategy is presented that overcomes the problem of severely distorted elements for simulations with large deformations. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Goal and scope of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Outline of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Basic elements of continuum mechanics 6 2.1 Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Motion and deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 Strain measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Equilibrium and stress measures . . . . . . . . ....

Conceptual Design of Inventory Analysis Software to Support the Life Cycle Assessment in Palm Oil Production

Life cycle assessment is a quantitative method to analyze the environmental impact that consists of four main activities: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation. The application of the life cycle in palm oil industry are very important and already conducted by many researchers. However, the most difficult task in life cycle assessment are the life cycle inventory. In this research, this study proposed the software to support the life cycle inventory in palm oil production. The result of the study was the conceptual design of the life cycle inventory software.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT KOMODITI PERIKANAN DI MUNCAR BANYUWANGI, JAWA TIMUR

<p>Potensi perikanan yang besar di kawasan perikanan Muncar Banyuwangi menjadikannya sebagai dasar munculnya berbagai industri perikanan. Perkembangan industri ini memiliki dampak yang signifikan tehadap lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi input dan output yang dihasilkan dari proses produksi, menghitung besaran dampak dan merumuskan strategi perbaikannya. Penilaian daur hidup atau Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis dampak lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh pengadaan bahan baku, proses produksi dan penggunaan produk. LCA terdiri dari 4 tahap sesuai dengan ISO 14040 yaitu<em> Goal and Scope Definition, Inventory analysis, Life Cycle Impact Assessment dan Life Cycle Interpretation</em>. Studi LCA dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pembatasan masalah <em>Cradle to Gate</em>. Penilaian siklus hidup produk perikanan berfokus pada pemanasan global. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) merupakan dampak potensial terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh industri pengolahan perikanan. Emisi CO₂eq dari pabrik pengalengan ikan sebesar 86,86 CO₂eq/tahun, sedangkan dari industri pengasinan ikan sebesar 28,76 CO2eq/tahun. Total emisi CO₂ dari kegaiatan pengolahan hasil perikanan sebesar 115.62 CO2eq/tahun. Sumber penghasil emisi berasal dari solar <em>I</em><em>ndustrial Diesel Oil</em> (IDO), solar <em>Automotive Diesel Oil</em> (ADO) dan listrik. Upaya penurunan dampak lingkungan dilakukan dengan <em>pertama</em>, menggunakan energi listrik yang berasal dari pembangkit listrik tenaga air dan panas bumi. <em>Kedua, </em>dengan mengolah limbah industri perikanan seperti minyak ikan menjadi biodiesel yang lebih ramah lingkungan untuk diversifikasi penggunaan solar pada unit proses. <em>Ketiga</em>, dengan mengefisienkan sistem produksi melalui perubahan pola perilaku maupun standar dalam pelaksanaan produksi.</p>