Application of AI for Analysis of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease is an issue of the central tactile framework that impacts advancement provoking shudders. The tangible cell is hurt in the frontal cortex causing dopamine levels to drop which prompts the condition. Parkinson's is a reformist ailment that causes degeneration of the frontal cortex, provoking both motor and mental issues. While Dysphonia is a voice issue that causes mandatory fits in the larynx muscle, this is one of its indications. While, Bradykinesia, which is ordinarily described as slowness of improvements, is one of the cardinal signs of Parkinson's sickness (PD). Essential clinical rating scales are used usually to measure bradykinesia in routine clinical practice albeit this kind of examination is uneven. It requires clinical investigation, and it can happen starting from the age of 6. Along these lines, this is a starter study that endeavors to recognize connections between Parkinson's contamination factors for basic unmistakable verification of the sickness. There are 1 million cases in India. It is hence reasonable to acknowledge that there is a connection between a patient's ability to talk/make and the development towards Parkinson's as these limits rot as time propels. The mark of the examination was to survey the features of the sound data and the hour of contorting drawing as an extent of bradykinesia. Henceforth to make strong proof that vocalization data and the handwriting test from a patient can assist with dissecting whether they experience the evil impacts of Parkinson's. As needs be, it is at first anticipated that there is an association between the two. We attempt to run distinctive AI classifiers on the data in wants to show up at a high consistency rate that is facilitated with a reasonable runtime. The dataset managed is procured from a new report by the journal, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, of various limits of voice repeat. The actual assessment obtained a consistency speed of 95.58% hence we want to show up at a rate close to this or possibly to beat it.

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Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

Movement Disorders ◽

10.1002/mds.21333 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 1077-1092 ◽

Cited By ~ 373

Author(s):

Anette Schrag ◽

Paolo Barone ◽

Richard G. Brown ◽

Albert F.G. Leentjens ◽

William M. McDonald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scales

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Cognitive and Physiological Substrates of Impaired Sentence Processing in Parkinson's Disease

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.1993.5.4.480 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 480-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Murray Grossman ◽

Susan Carvell ◽

Stephen Gollomp ◽

Matthew B. Stern ◽

Martin Reivich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Sentence Processing ◽

Sentence Comprehension ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Left Caudate ◽

Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism

Sentence comprehension is a complex process involving at least a grammatical processor and a procedural component that supports language computations. One type of cerebral architecture that may underlie sentence processing is a network of distributed brain regions. We report two experiments designed to evaluate the cognitive and physiological substrate of sentence processing diaculties in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the first experiment, patients answered simple questions about sentences that varied in their computational demands. Group and individual patient analyses indicated that PD patients are significantly compromised on this task, and that their difficulties become more prominent as the computational demands of the sentences increase. We manipulated the set of sentences to stress performance aspects of sentence processing. PD patients were compromised in their ability to detect errors in the presence and nature of a sentence's grammatical morphemes, suggesting a deficit in selective attention, but their ability to answer questions about a sentence was not afFected by short-term memory factors. In the second experiment, positron emission tomography was used to correlate this pattern of sentence comprehension impairment with regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRgl) obtained at rest in a representative subset of these PD patients. Grammatical comprehension and attention in sentence processing correlated significantly with mesial frontal rCMRgl. Regression analyses confirmed the central role of left mesial frontal cortex, and identified a subsidiary role for left caudate in overall sentence comprehension, for left dorsolateral frontal cortex in grammatical processing, and for bilateral dorsolateral frontal cortex in attending to the presence of grammatical features. We conclude that compromised mesial frontal functioning underlies in part the sentence processing deficit of these patients, and these data illustrate one method for mapping portions of a sentence processing mechanism onto a distributed cerebral architecture.

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Dysautonomia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Sialorrhea, dysphagia, and constipation-Critique and recommendations by movement disorders task force on rating scales for Parkinson's disease

Movement Disorders ◽

10.1002/mds.22260 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 635-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Marian L. Evatt ◽

K. Ray Chaudhuri ◽

Kelvin L. Chou ◽

Ester Cubo ◽

Vanessa Hinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Movement Disorders ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Task Force

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Slow Motion Analysis of Repetitive Tapping (SMART) Test: Measuring Bradykinesia in Recently Diagnosed Parkinson’s Disease and Idiopathic Anosmia

Journal of Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.3233/jpd-212683 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Cristina Simonet ◽

Miquel A. Galmes ◽

Christian Lambert ◽

Richard N. Rees ◽

Tahrina Haque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Early Stage ◽

Slow Motion ◽

Motor Dysfunction ◽

Prodromal Phase ◽

Floor Effect ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Early Stages

Background: Bradykinesia is the defining motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). There are limitations to its assessment using standard clinical rating scales, especially in the early stages of PD when a floor effect may be observed. Objective: To develop a quantitative method to track repetitive tapping movements and to compare people in the early stages of PD, healthy controls, and individuals with idiopathic anosmia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 99 participants (early-stage PD = 26, controls = 64, idiopathic anosmia = 9). For each participant, repetitive finger tapping was recorded over 20 seconds using a smartphone at 240 frames per second. From each video, amplitude between fingers, frequency (number of taps per second), and velocity (distance travelled per second) was extracted. Clinical assessment was based on the motor section of the MDS-UPDRS. Results: People in the early stage of PD performed the task with slower velocity (p < 0.001) and with greater frequency slope than controls (p = 0.003). The combination of reduced velocity and greater frequency slope obtained the best accuracy to separate early-stage PD from controls based on metric thresholds alone (AUC = 0.88). Individuals with anosmia exhibited slower velocity (p = 0.001) and smaller amplitude (p < 0.001) compared with controls. Conclusion: We present a simple, proof-of-concept method to detect early motor dysfunction in PD. Mean tap velocity appeared to be the best parameter to differentiate patients with PD from controls. Patients with anosmia also showed detectable differences in motor performance compared with controls which may suggest that some are in the prodromal phase of PD.

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Parkinson’s Disease Progression and Statins: Hydrophobicity Matters

Journal of Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.3233/jpd-212819 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Mechelle M. Lewis ◽

Richard M. Albertson ◽

Guangwei Du ◽

Lan Kong ◽

Andrew Foy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Motor Symptoms ◽

Clinical Progression ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Lipophilic Statin ◽

Hydrophilic Statin ◽

Non Motor Symptoms ◽

Statin Use

Background: Recent randomized clinical trials using hydrophobic statins reported no influence on Parkinson’s disease (PD) clinical progression. Hydrophobicity is a key determinant for blood-brain barrier penetrance. Objective: Investigate a potential effect of statins on PD progression. Methods: Statin use was determined at baseline and subtyped according to hydrophobicity in 125 PD patients participated PD Biomarker Program (PDBP, 2012–2015) at our site. Clinical (N = 125) and susceptibility MRI (N = 86) data were obtained at baseline and 18-months. Movement Disorders Society-Unified PD Rating Scales were used to track progression of non-motor (MDS-UPDRS-I) and motor (MDS-UPDRS-II) symptoms, and rater-based scores (MDS-UPDRS-III) of patients in the “on” drug state. R2 * values were used to capture pathological progression in the substantia nigra. Associations between statin use, its subtypes, and PD progression were evaluated with linear mixed effect regressions. Results: Compared to statin non-users, overall statin or lipophilic statin use did not significantly influence PD clinical or imaging progression. Hydrophilic statin users, however, demonstrated faster clinical progression of non-motor symptoms [MDS-UPDRS-I (β= 4.8, p = 0.010)] and nigral R2 * (β= 3.7, p = 0.043). A similar trend was found for MDS-UPDRS-II (β= 3.9, p = 0.10), but an opposite trend was observed for rater-based MDS-UPDRS-III (β= –7.3, p = 0.10). Compared to lipophilic statin users, hydrophilic statin users also showed significantly faster clinical progression of non-motor symptoms [MDS-UPDRS-I (β= 5.0, p = 0.020)], but R2 * did not reach statistical significance (β= 2.5, p = 0.24). Conclusion: This study suggests that hydrophilic, but not lipophilic, statins may be associated with faster PD progression. Future studies may have clinical and scientific implications.

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