PROPORTION OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Prospective Study ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Low T3

Type 2 diabetic patients show thyroid disorders that may aggravate the metabolic imbalance. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of abnormal thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This prospective study was conducted among 100 diabetic patients (cases) which were compared with age and sex matched 50 non-diabetic control subjects. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) were measured. Fasting Plasma glucose and Post Prandial blood glucose is also measured. The result of this prospective study showed, the diabetic patients in the present study although clinically euthyroid show a low level of circulating T3 to which the term “ Low T3 syndrome”given. But there is high prevalence of thyroid disorders in the diabetic population in other studies which indicates that the screening for thyroid disease among diabetic patients should be routinely performed.

Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Pranav Kumar Raghuwanshi ◽

Devendra Pratap Singh Rajput ◽

Bhupendra Kumar Ratre ◽

Roopesh Jain ◽

Narmada Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a very common endocrinal disorders and incidence of thyroid dysfunction also rising in India and world over. Thyroid hormones directly control insulin secretion and insulin clearance. Diabetes also may affect the thyroid function to variable extent first at the level of hypothalamic control of TSH release and second at peripheral tissue by converting T4 to T3. Aims and Objectives: The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Material and Methods: Study included total 80 subjects. Thyroid dysfunction was evaluated by investigating the subjects for Total tri-iodo-thyronine (T3), Total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Plasma glucose was estimated by- GOD-POD method and Thyroid profile was estimated by- CLIA (chemiluminescence immunoassay) system. Statistical analysis was performed using software statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20, unpaired T test, Pearson’s correlation. Results: In type 2 diabetic patients the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 4(10.00%) and 6(15.00%) respectively, while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 1(2.5%) respectively. In non diabetic healthy subjects the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 1(2.5%) and 3(7.5%) respectively while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 0(0.0%) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects as compared to non-diabetic subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 33-37

Association of Thyroid Hormone Levels Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v42i2.32053 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 90-94

Author(s):

Nadia Zebin Khan ◽

M A Muttalib ◽

Gazi Sharmin Sultana

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽

Type 2 Diabetic ◽

Serum Tsh

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid disorders (TD) are the two most common endocrine disorders in clinical practice. They show mutually influence on each other. Unrecognized thyroid disorders may adversely affect the metabolic control and add more risk to an already predisposing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to find out the association of thyroid hormone levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry and outpatient department of Endocrinology of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh (BIRDEM) General Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2015. A Total of 200 patients were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of them, 115 were type 2 diabetic subjects and 85 were non diabetic. Diabetic patients were diagnosed according to WHO criteria from their previous medical records. All patients were underwent thyroid function tests; free thyroxine (FT4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and serum TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Presence of TD in T2DM and non-DM patients were estimated. Comparison of all demographic characteristics and biochemical parameters were done among the groups. The percentage of TD in type 2 diabetic patients was 23.5% and in non diabetic subjects was 12%. Serum FT3 and serum FT4 did not show any significant difference among the groups. Type 2 diabetic patients with thyroid disorders had more elevated level of serum TSH level than those who were non diabetic subjects with TD. Thyroid disorders were significantly higher in female, overweight and obese subjects. Patients with TD had strong association with family history of TD. This study showed that the presence of TD in type 2 diabetes mellitus was very high. Regular screening for thyroid disorders in type 2 diabetic patients specially serum TSH level is recommended.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2013/v2i2/86773 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Jain ◽

T. S. Marwaha ◽

A. Khurana ◽

P. S. Dhoat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Thyroid Disorder

Background:Diabetes has become a major health challenge worldwide. Various studies have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexist.Objective: To find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 200 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 40-70 years. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by testing thyroid profile (T3, T4&TSH). The correlation of prevalence of thyroid disorder with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C, duration of diabetes, hypertension, family history of thyroid disorder, BMI, usage of OHA's and insulin and dyslipidemia was then done. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analyzed.Results: There was a high prevalence (16%) of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, most common was subclinical hypothyroidism (7.5%) which was further found to be more in females, elderly patients, patients with uncontrolled diabetes i.e. HbA1C values ≥7 or patients on insulin and patients with BMI <30.Conclusions: Screening of thyroid dysfunction should be done in all diabetic patients especially in patients with poor diabetic control.

Awareness of Complications in Diabetic Patients - Study in a Tertiary Care Centre in Kerala

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/605 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (37) ◽

pp. 3334-3338

Author(s):

Satish Kumar

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Complications Of Diabetes ◽

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is common in the Indian population and awareness regarding the disease and its complications is low among the patients with diabetes. There is lack of studies regarding awareness of complications of diabetes among type 2 diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS This is an institutional based observational study. The sample comprised of 150 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent treatment in the Department of Medicine, Medical College Kottayam and the patient’s age ranged from 18 - 77 years. RESULTS Majority of patients were in the age group 38 to 57 and the sample comprised of 56 % males and 44 % female patients. Out of 150 patients involved in the study, 120 patients (80 %) were aware of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Among the male patients, 70 (83.33 %) and among females, 50 (75.75 %) were aware of the complications in diabetes. In the study sample, 92 (61.33 %) were aware of the foot problems, 120 patients (80 %) were aware of renal complications, 91 patients were aware regarding eye problems of diabetes, 38 (25.33 %) regarding development of hypertension, 62 (41.33 %) regarding heart attack, 42 (28 %) patients were aware regarding development of stroke and 78 patients (52 %) had awareness regarding occurrence of recurrent infections. CONCLUSIONS Awareness regarding diabetes and its complications is fairly good among the diabetic patients in Kerala. Awareness regarding all complications of diabetes was higher among males than females. Providing awareness to type 2 diabetic patients by various educational programs may be of further help to prevent complications and to decrease the mortality and morbidity in type 2 diabetes patients. KEYWORDS Awareness, Diabetes

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.02.678 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (02) ◽

pp. 237-243

Author(s):

GHULAM HUSSAIN BALOCH ◽

ABDUL QADIR DALL ◽

ATIF SITWAT HAYAT ◽

Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah ◽

Bikha Ram Devrajani

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

University Hospital ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Haemoglobin A1c ◽

History Of ◽

Upper Molar

Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of dental carries in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: Crosssectional descriptive study. Patients and methods: Patients with history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for ≥ 02 years duration with ≥ 35 years ofage and of either gender with dental pain visit at medical and dental outpatient department (OPD) of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad.The detail history was taken and the blood samples were taken for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to assess the glycemic status. The existenceof dental carries and its pattern was diagnosed through dental examination by consultant dentist had clinical experience ≥05 years. The datawas collected on pre-designed proforma, entered and analyzed in SPSS version 11.00. Results: A total of 137 type 2 diabetic patients wereselected for this study, out of these 82 were males and 55 females. The dental carries was found in 98 (71.5%) patients. Out of these ninetyeight, 53 (54.08%) were males and 45 (45.92%) were female. Upper molar teeth involvement was present in 46 patients and lower molarteeth were involved in 52 patients. Dentine carries was seen in 35 patients, enamel carries in 19, white spot carries in 20 patients, pulpitis in16 patients, and pulp capping in 8 patients. Involvement of individual teeth was also assessed, the upper molar involvement was present in32 patients, premolar involvement was present in 11, incisor involvement in 03 patients. The lower molars were involved in 28 patients,lower pre molar in 21 and lower incisors in 03 patients. Dental carries was present in 43 (43.9%) patients in patients whose duration ofdiabetes was between 5-10 years, whereas those patients having duration >10 years had 31.6% frequency of dental carries, whileregarding duration of <5 years only 24 (24.5%) patients had dental carries. Conclusions: The diabetic patients are more prone to acquiredental caries.

Evaluation of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12452 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 16-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Devendra Pratap Singh Rajput ◽

Javed Yusuf Shah ◽

Priti Singh ◽

Shyransh Jain

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Back ground: In type 2 diabetes mellitus lipid abnormalities are almost the rule. Dyslipidemia has been noted to play an integral role in the pathogenesis and progression of micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients. The complications exemplified by renal, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease cause the most morbidity and mortality in this group of patients.Aims and Objectives: This study is aimed at understanding the pattern of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: During two month study period, total 100 patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated for dyslipidemia. Plasma glucose was estimated by GOD –POD method and Lipid profile by photometry method. Lipid profile was evaluated by investigating the subjects for total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. In statistical analysis data were analyzed by using various statistical methods like percentage, proportions and tables by using epi info software.Results: Out of 100 patients 72(72%) were males and 28(28%) were females. The mean fasting blood sugar of total patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was 158.35mg/dl. in male diabetics, fasting blood sugar level with diabetes mellitus was 157.56mg/dl and in female diabetics it was 159.14mg/dl. The pattern of dyslipidemia in our study showed significantly higher levels of serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, LDL-C in both male and female diabetics and lower levels of HDL-C in female diabetics. There was no significant difference in lipid profile pattern in male and female diabetic patients except lower levels of HDL-C in female diabetic patients. Conclusion: This study showed that dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among type 2 diabetic patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12452Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 16-19

Carbamylation of LDL and its relationship with myeloperoxidase in Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20130369 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 126 (2) ◽

pp. 175-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sammy W. M. Shiu ◽

Su-Mei Xiao ◽

Ying Wong ◽

Wing-Sun Chow ◽

Karen S. L. Lam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Renal Impairment ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Independent Mechanism ◽

Protein carbamylation has been considered only quantitatively important in uraemia and carbamylated LDL is pro-atherogenic. We have shown that carbamylated LDL is increased in Type 2 diabetic patients without renal impairment. Carbamylation is mediated by a urea-independent mechanism via myeloperoxidase.

Prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary care hospital in a rural area of Bihar, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184437 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 3721

Author(s):

Abhishek Kamendu ◽

Ahmad Nadeem Aslami

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Overt Hypothyroidism ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background: Diabetes has become a major health challenge all over the world. Previous studies have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexist. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of hypothyroidism and its associated factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: Consecutive 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending outpatient department of medicine in a tertiary care centre in Sasaram, Bihar were evaluated clinically and biochemically. Subclinical hypothyroid and overt hypothyroidism was diagnosed as per standard definitions. The results obtained were statistically analysed by using chi square test and finding odds ratio.Results: Out of 200 patients, 75.5% were euthyroid while 24.5% were hypothyroid. Out of 49 hypothyroid patients, subclinical hypothyroid (SC-Hypo) was present in 41 patients and overt hypothyroid (C-Hypo) was present in only 8 patients. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was found more in males, age ≥60 years, patients with HbA1c value ≥7%, patients with diabetes duration less than 5 years and in hypertensive patients.Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction screening should be done in all type 2 diabetic patients periodically and appropriate individualized treatments in addition to thyroid function test should be given to diabetes mellitus patients with subclinical hypothyroidism as well.

Correlation of Pulmonary Function Tests with Anthropometry and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Cross-sectional Study

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/47275.14778 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aiswarya Roy Karintholil ◽

Akshatha Rao Aroor ◽

Joel Sabu ◽

Joshua Chacko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glycaemic Control ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Duration Of Diabetes ◽

Lung Functions ◽

Introduction: Diabetic patients are found to have reduced lung functions compared to their controls and their relationship with the duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, and Body Mass Index (BMI) is poorly characterised. Aim: To determine the correlation between the pulmonary function abnormalities with anthropometry, glycaemic control, and duration of diabetes in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 type 2 diabetic patients were studied. BMI, Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), Fasting, postprandial blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed from July to September 2018. Spirometry was done in accordance with the guidelines from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Reduced pulmonary functions were defined as patients with restrictive (FEV1/FVC≥0.7 and FVC< 80% predicted) or obstructive (FEV1/FVC<0.7) impairment. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test and Karl Pearson Correlation coefficient. Results: The mean values of FEV1/FVC (0.8±0.08) and FVC% predicted (60.29±11.39) showed a restrictive pattern. FEF (25-75%) (r=0.241, p=0.031) and PEFR (r=0.245, p=0.029) positively correlated with duration of diabetes. BMI had a negative correlation with FVC% predicted (r=0.239, p=0.033). A negative correlation between FEV1% and Waist Circumference (WC) was observed (r=-0.232, p=0.038). HbA1c negatively correlated to FEV1/FVC (r=-0.227, p=0.043). Conclusion: Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) were found to have an asymptomatic restrictive pulmonary impairment. Increased duration of diabetes, increased BMI, increased WC was associated with decreased lung functions in diabetics.

Thyroid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1906

Author(s):

Mahesh Dave ◽

Hazari Lal Saini ◽

Ankit Gupta ◽

Jitendra Singh Choudhary ◽

Aniruddha Burli

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorder ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Thyroid Profile

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder which involves multiple organ systems and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus has been defined as “A metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and or insulin action”. Thyroid diseases are also a common endocrinopathy seen in the adult population. Thyroid hormones are intimately involved in cellular metabolism. The present work is a modest attempt to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: The study was carried out in total 108 diabetic patients without known thyroid disorder admitted in various Medical wards of R.N.T. Medical college and attached group of hospitals, Udaipur. It was a cross Sectional study done over a period of 10 months. Results: In the present study, 13% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had abnormal thyroid profile. Out of which the most common presentation was sub clinical hypothyroidism found in 9.25% followed by1.9% had overt hypothyroidism and 1.9% had sub clinical hyperthyroidism. In persons with abnormal thyroid profile 85.7% were females and 14.3% were males which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is common among T2DM patients and is higher in females than in males. There is no significant correlation between thyroid dysfunction and age, diabetes control, family history, type of treatment and HbA1c level in diabetic patients.