Thyroid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder which involves multiple organ systems and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus has been defined as “A metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and or insulin action”. Thyroid diseases are also a common endocrinopathy seen in the adult population. Thyroid hormones are intimately involved in cellular metabolism. The present work is a modest attempt to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: The study was carried out in total 108 diabetic patients without known thyroid disorder admitted in various Medical wards of R.N.T. Medical college and attached group of hospitals, Udaipur. It was a cross Sectional study done over a period of 10 months. Results: In the present study, 13% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had abnormal thyroid profile. Out of which the most common presentation was sub clinical hypothyroidism found in 9.25% followed by1.9% had overt hypothyroidism and 1.9% had sub clinical hyperthyroidism. In persons with abnormal thyroid profile 85.7% were females and 14.3% were males which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is common among T2DM patients and is higher in females than in males. There is no significant correlation between thyroid dysfunction and age, diabetes control, family history, type of treatment and HbA1c level in diabetic patients.

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A Study on Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction and Dyslipidaemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital - Kottayam, Kerala

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (40) ◽

pp. 3477-3482

Author(s):

Prasantha Kumar Thankappan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Thyroid Disorder ◽

High Prevalence

BACKGROUND It has been noted of the interdependence and impact of diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction on each other. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Most commonly associated thyroid dysfunction in diabetes was hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism can precipitate complications in diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study included a total number of 100 type-2 diabetic patients aged >15 years. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction and dyslipidaemia by estimating triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGA-c), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C)].The correlation of prevalence of thyroid disorder with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C, duration of diabetes, family history of thyroid disorder, body mass index (BMI), usage of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA’s) and insulin and dyslipidaemia was carried out. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analysed. This study was conducted from December 2018 to November 2019 at Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala. RESULTS The study revealed a high prevalence (26 %) of thyroid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), most common being hypothyroidism (20 %) which was further found to be more in females, patients with uncontrolled diabetes i.e. HbA1C values ≥ 8.7 or patients on OHA and patients with BMI > 25. High prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetics (62 %) was observed; of which 51 % had hypertriglyceridaemia, 49 % had decreased HDL-C, 47 % had hyper cholesterolaemia and 43 % had increased LDL-C. Only 30.6 % diabetics with dyslipidaemia had thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Screening of thyroid dysfunction should be done in all diabetic patients especially in patients with poor glycaemic control as micro vascular complications were commonly observed in this group of patients with dual endocrine disorders. There is a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetics. KEYWORDS Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid Dysfunction, Dyslipidemia

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Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2013/v2i2/86773 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Jain ◽

T. S. Marwaha ◽

A. Khurana ◽

P. S. Dhoat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Thyroid Disorder

Background:Diabetes has become a major health challenge worldwide. Various studies have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexist.Objective: To find out the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 200 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 40-70 years. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by testing thyroid profile (T3, T4&TSH). The correlation of prevalence of thyroid disorder with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C, duration of diabetes, hypertension, family history of thyroid disorder, BMI, usage of OHA's and insulin and dyslipidemia was then done. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analyzed.Results: There was a high prevalence (16%) of thyroid disorders in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, most common was subclinical hypothyroidism (7.5%) which was further found to be more in females, elderly patients, patients with uncontrolled diabetes i.e. HbA1C values ≥7 or patients on insulin and patients with BMI <30.Conclusions: Screening of thyroid dysfunction should be done in all diabetic patients especially in patients with poor diabetic control.

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Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Dhaka Medical College ◽

10.3329/jdmc.v29i2.51190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 149-152

Author(s):

Prodip Kumar Biswas ◽

Gopal Chandra Saha ◽

Mohammed Shahadat Hossain ◽

Md Nasir Uddin ◽

Muhammad Faizur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorder ◽

Medical College ◽

Type 2 Dm

Aim: The study was undertaken with an objective to know the thyroid functions in Type 2 diabetics and to know the spectrum of thyroid dysfunction in Type 2 DM. Methods: The present study included 68OPD and IPD patients of Type 2 DM who attended the Department of General Medicine at Dhaka Medical College Hospital Dhaka. Detailed history and examination were done, fasting blood samples of all the subjects were taken and at the same time samples were tested for HbA1C and thyroid profile (T3, T4 and TSH). Result: in this study 68 established diabetics were screened for thyroid disorders by TFT. Abnormal thyroid function was found in 43 T2DM cases and remaining diabetics had normal thyroid function. Among 68 cases low thyroid function was noted in 20 patients and 18 subjects had Sub-clinical hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was noted in 05 patients. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major problem all over the world and many patients of Diabetes Mellitus are associated with thyroid dysfunction. So diabetic patients s should be screened for thyroid disorder especially hypothyroidism. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 29, No.2, October, 2020, Page 149-152

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Glycaemic Regulation with Zinc Combination in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38a32057 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Gangaram Bhadarge ◽

Pratibha Dawande ◽

Nandkishor Bankar ◽

Raunak Kotecha

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Low Levels

Introduction: Zn supplementation improved glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in diabetic rats, revealing Zn's defensive effect against oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. The investigators have discovered that consuming Zn increased liver function and protected pancreatic tissue from damage caused by diabetes. Since Zn also prevents chronic hyperglycemia, it helps to minimize oxidative stress caused by type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem that affects more than 3 million people worldwide (16% of population). Chronic hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress in diabetic patients by the development of free radicals (oxidants) and lowering the antioxidant protection mechanism. Aim: Glycaemic Regulation with Zinc Combination in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: Faculty of Medicine and Diabetic Opd, Datta Meghe Mediсаl Соllege and Shаlinitаi Meghe Hоsрitаl аnd Reseаrсh Сenter, Nаgрur in соllаbоrаtion with Dаttа Meghe Institute оf Mediсаl Sсienсes Deemed to be University, Sаwаngi, Wаrdhа, Mаhаrаshtrа. Results: The mean Zn level was 12.213±2.342in all participants and 9.121±1.782 in the control group, whereas it was significantly low (9.121±1.782) in the diabetic group, and there was statistically significant difference in Zn levels between the controls and the diabetic group (P < 0.001).FBS, HbA1C, serum Zinc mean effects between control and patients showed statistically significant differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus (P <0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings show that people with diabetes have lower levels of Zn than healthy people. The cause and effect of the association between very low levels of Zn and the progression of diabetes, or diabetes that causes Zn deficiency, is still unknown. Low levels of Zn are associated with poor glycemic control, and poor glycemic control is a good indication of Zn deficiency, as there was a negative association between serum Zn and FBS and HBA1C. If diabetic patients have low glycemic regulation, a long history of diabetes, obesity, or are over the age of 50, we look to assess their levels in Zn so that Zn alternative treatment can begin to release oxidative stress in this high-risk group.

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Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Pranav Kumar Raghuwanshi ◽

Devendra Pratap Singh Rajput ◽

Bhupendra Kumar Ratre ◽

Roopesh Jain ◽

Narmada Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a very common endocrinal disorders and incidence of thyroid dysfunction also rising in India and world over. Thyroid hormones directly control insulin secretion and insulin clearance. Diabetes also may affect the thyroid function to variable extent first at the level of hypothalamic control of TSH release and second at peripheral tissue by converting T4 to T3. Aims and Objectives: The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Material and Methods: Study included total 80 subjects. Thyroid dysfunction was evaluated by investigating the subjects for Total tri-iodo-thyronine (T3), Total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Plasma glucose was estimated by- GOD-POD method and Thyroid profile was estimated by- CLIA (chemiluminescence immunoassay) system. Statistical analysis was performed using software statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20, unpaired T test, Pearson’s correlation. Results: In type 2 diabetic patients the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 4(10.00%) and 6(15.00%) respectively, while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 1(2.5%) respectively. In non diabetic healthy subjects the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 1(2.5%) and 3(7.5%) respectively while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 0(0.0%) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects as compared to non-diabetic subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 33-37

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A study of prevalence of primary hypothyroidism in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20150216 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sudeb Mukherjee ◽

Suhana Datta ◽

Pramathanath Datta ◽

Apurba K. Mukherjee ◽

Indira Maisnam

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Primary Hypothyroidism ◽

Overt Hypothyroidism ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Thyroid Disorder

Background: The association between thyroid dysfunction and DM has long been recognized, although the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among diabetes population varies in different studies. This study destined to know the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellituswas done. Total 60 patients (male 51, female9) fulfillingdiagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus according to ADA (American Diabetes Association) criteria were analysed by doing Thyroid Function Test (FT4,TSH).Results: 75% of patients have the biochemical features of thyroid dysfunction. Subcategorically in descending order of frequency they are - Subclinical hypothyroidism (33.33%) (defined by no symptoms or clinical fetures of hypothyroidism but biochemically TSH level in the range of above 5 mIU/ml but below 10 mIU/ml with normal FT4 level), 15% of patients each for overt hypothyroidism (either clinical features or Biochemically TSH >10 mIU/ml or FT4 below normal), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (only biochemical low level of TSH <0.34 mIU/ml in this study) and 11.667% patients show the features of clinical hyperthyroidism (clinical or FT4 level well above normal range along with low TSH).Conclusions: Avery high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in this part of world in contrast to Europe & US suggest routine screening for thyroid disorder in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Evaluation of Semen Quality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sudanese Patients Compared to Non-Diabetic Subjects

The Open Clinical Biochemistry Journal ◽

10.2174/2588778501808010020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 20-25

Author(s):

Negwan E. Ibrahim ◽

Mohammed Rida ◽

AbdElkarim A. Abdrabo

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Semen Analysis ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Organ Systems

Background: Diabetes leads to metabolic abnormalities. These abnormalities produce problems in a variety of organ systems such as ophthalmopathies, neuropathies, nephropathies, and vasculopathies. Infertility is common in diabetic patients, caused by abnormal semen. Objectives: This study was conducted to check semen quality in diabetic Sudanese patients. Method: This is a retrospective cross-sectional designed study. The data were collected in a period from January 2015 to February 2017. A total of 600 individuals was included, 300 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 300 apparently healthy as a non-diabetic. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO criteria. Results: Significant lower results were found in diabetic patients compared to non diabetic regarding the following parameters: volume of ejaculation (p = 0.047), percent motility (p = 0.001), percent normal morphology (p = 0.000), while there was no difference in the sperm count between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Conclusion: Semen of types 2 diabetes mellitus patients is of low volume, abnormal motility and morphology compared to non-diabetic subjects.

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STUDY OF THYROID FUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS OF MALWA REGION.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i4.1877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Deepasha Shahi Bagzai ◽

Darshna Jain ◽

Anurag Kesarwani

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type2 Diabetes ◽

Type2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tsh Levels

Background: Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus are two common endocrine disorders that are commonly encountered in clinical practice. The relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes is important for physicians to understand in order to provide the best treatment for both conditions. The aim of this study was to assess thyroid function in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus patients of malwa region and raise awareness about thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Methods: In this case control study, a total of 200 subjects were chosen. Group I consisted of 100 diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases and Group II 100 sex matched stable controls. After receiving informed consent, patients were enrolled. Thyroid dysfunction in Type2 diabetes mellitus was assessed using biochemical parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, total triiodothyronine T3, total thyroxine T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Results: When diabetic patients were compared to healthy controls, their fasting blood glucose and serum TSH levels were substantially higher. In these two classes, however, there was no substantial difference in serum T3 and T4 levels. The findings suggest that diabetic patients have subclinical hypothyroidism as opposed to the control group in the study population Conclusion: From this current study it has been observed that thyroid function levels were altered in Diabetes mellitus patients, especially TSH levels. so it is suggested that diabetes mellitus patients should be screened for thyroid function studies on a regular basis to prevent further complications of thyroid dysfuction. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Thyroid dysfunction.

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PROPORTION OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

10.36106/ijsr/6004234 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 39-40

Author(s):

Shubhendu Kumar Suman ◽

Anil Kumar ◽

Uday Narayan Singh

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Low T3

Type 2 diabetic patients show thyroid disorders that may aggravate the metabolic imbalance. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of abnormal thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This prospective study was conducted among 100 diabetic patients (cases) which were compared with age and sex matched 50 non-diabetic control subjects. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) were measured. Fasting Plasma glucose and Post Prandial blood glucose is also measured. The result of this prospective study showed, the diabetic patients in the present study although clinically euthyroid show a low level of circulating T3 to which the term “ Low T3 syndrome”given. But there is high prevalence of thyroid disorders in the diabetic population in other studies which indicates that the screening for thyroid disease among diabetic patients should be routinely performed.

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PREVALENCE OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i2.1735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Manoj Kumar Mali

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Microvascular Complications ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Status Assessment

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more prone to thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism in them leads to an aggravation of microvascular complications. Diabetic patients with hypothyroidism also are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Screening for thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients will allow early treatment of hypothyroidism. Methods: All patients were evaluated for thyroid status; assessment of T3, T4 and TSH levels and Blood glucose levels and HbA1c. Results: 22.00% patients were present with subclinical hypothyroidism, 18.00% patients were present with hypothyroidism and 4.00% patients present with hyperthyroidism Conclusion: Screening for thyroid disease disease among patients with diabetes mellitus should be routinely performed for early detection and treatment of thyroid dysfunction to delay the complications of diabetes Keywords: Thyroid, Type-2DM, Complication

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