New type 1/4-Wave Plate Film for OLED Panels

In 2016 Delong et al. discovered a new type of neoepitope formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptide fragments. Remarkably these neoepitopes, called hybrid insulin peptides, or HIPs, are recognized by pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse and human pancreatic islet-infiltrating T cells in people with type 1 diabetes. Current data implicates CD4+ T-cell responses to HIPs in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D. Because of their role in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D it is important to identify new HIPs that are recognized by CD4+ T cells in people at risk of, or with, T1D. A detailed knowledge of T1D-associated HIPs will allow HIPs to be used in assays to monitor changes in T cell mediated beta-cell autoimmunity. They will also provide new targets for antigen-specific therapies for T1D. However, because HIPs are formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptides there are an enormous number of potential HIPs which makes it technically challenging to identify them. Here we review the discovery of HIPs, how they form and discuss approaches to identifying new HIPs relevant to the immune pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes.

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Genetic Analysis of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Yellow Chickens in Southern China over the Past Decade: Revealing the Changes of Genetic Diversity, Dominant Genotypes, and Selection Pressure

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11100898 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 898 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wensheng Fan ◽

Ning Tang ◽

Zhihua Dong ◽

Jiming Chen ◽

Wen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Selection Pressure ◽

Southern China ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

The Past ◽

New Type ◽

Dominant Genotype

The high mutation rates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) pose economic threats to the poultry industry. In order to track the genetic evolutionary of IBV isolates circulating in yellow chickens, we continued to conduct the genetic analyses of the structural genes S1, E, M, and N from 64 IBV isolates in southern China during 2009–2017. The results showed that the dominant genotypes based on the four genes had changed when compared with those during 1985–2008. Based on the S1 gene phylogenetic tree, LX4-type (GI-19) was the most dominant genotype, which was different from that during 1985–2008. The second most dominant genotype was LDT3-A-type, but this genotype disappeared after 2012. New-type 1 (GVI-1) isolates showed increasing tendency and there were four aa (QKEP) located in the hypervariable region (HVR) III and one aa (S) insertion in all the New-type 1 isolates. Both the analyses of amino acid entropy and molecular evolutionary rate revealed that the variations from large to small were S1, E, M, and N. Purifying selection was detected in the S1, E, M, and N gene proteins, which was different from the positive selection during 1985–2008. Six isolates were confirmed to be recombinants, possibly generated from a vaccine virus of the 4/91-type or LDT3-A-type and a circulating virus. The estimated times for the most recent common ancestors based on the S1, E, M, and N genes were the years of 1744, 1893, 1940, and 1945, respectively. Bayesian skyline analysis revealed a sharp decrease in genetic diversity of all the four structural genes after 2010 and since late 2015, the viral population rapidly rose. In conclusion, the IBVs circulating in southern China over the past decade have experienced a remarkable change in genetic diversity, dominant genotypes, and selection pressure, indicating the importance of permanent monitoring of circulating strains and the urgency for developing new vaccines to counteract the emerging LX4-type and New-type IBVs.

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