scholarly journals SOYBEAN SYMBIOTIC POTENTIAL DEPENDING ON THE STRAIN OF NODULE BACTERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Kuuanishbay Aytbayev Djumashovich
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of various strains of nodule bacteria on the formation of the symbiotic potential of soybeans in the conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. KEYWORDS: Soybeans, nodules, symbiosis, bacteria, strains, nitrogen fixation, potential.

Genetics of symbiosis and nitrogen fixation in legumes

1969 ◽  
Vol 172 (1029) ◽  
pp. 417-437 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Homogeneous Material ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Genetics ◽  
Nodular Tissue

Soon after the isolation of nodule bacteria in 1888, differences were recognized in the ability of bacterial strains to form nodules on particular host plants and in the nitrogen-fixing ability of the nodules so formed. These and other symbiotic heterogeneities were attributed, sometimes correctly, to bacterial strain differences, not then thought to be open to formal genetic analysis. The realization that the host plant was an essential component of this variability came only gradually, stimulated by observations of host varietal differences and by the demand for reliable and homogeneous material for experimental work. Only within the last two decades has host variability been studied by plant breeding, and bacterial strain differences by some of the methods of microbial genetics. This review, except for a brief reference to earlier work of some historic interest, will consider only genetic problems open to investigation by these methods. The developmental sequence in all legume nodules is broadly similar. The initial infection phases are followed by the induction of the nodule, the invasion of part of the nodular tissue and culminate in bacteroid formation and nitrogen fixation; the genetics of symbiosis will be considered in this context.

Investigations on the root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants: XIX. Influence of various factors on the excretion of nitrogenous compounds from the nodules

1937 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen ◽  
Synnöve von Hausen ◽  
Tauno Laine
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Equal Effectiveness

1. It has been shown experimentally that the excretion of nitrogen noted by us in cultures of inoculated legumes takes place from the nodule bacteria, probably from the intranodular ones, and not from the roots. No excretion of amino acids occurs in cultures of uninoculated legumes growing on nitrate nitrogen.2. Our earlier hypothesis that the legumes receive their nitrogen nutrition from the nodules in the form of organic nitrogen compounds, particularly amino acids, is in perfect accord with our new observations concerning the process of excretion. All facts indicate that the amino acids concerned are primary products of the nitrogen fixation, and not breakdown products of proteins. Bond's valuable work along quite different lines produced results which support this conclusion. He, however, did not study the chemical nature of the nitrogen compounds in question.3. The excretion of nitrogen occurs in media capable of absorbing the excreted nitrogen compounds (cellulose, kaolin, sand, soil). The demonstration of the excretion is not possible in water cultures except when very large quantities of water are used. On the basis of these facts a hypothesis is advanced to explain the nature of the excretion.4. The term total fixed nitrogen has been used as an expression for the extent of nitrogen fixation, while the term extent of excretion is employed to indicate that percentage of the total fixed nitrogen which is excreted from the nodules.5. The extent of excretion depends largely on the strain used for inoculation. With strains of apparently equal effectiveness in nitrogen fixation, the extent of excretion may vary considerably, so that actually such strains differ in their effectiveness.

scholarly journals Competition between related strains of nodule bacteria and its influence on infection of the legume host

1941 ◽  
Vol 130 (858) ◽  
pp. 32-59 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root System ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Different Strains

The work deals with the behaviour of mixed strains of nodule bacteria towards each other and towards their legume host. It introduces the concept of dominance in competition between strains. This dominance is independent of degree of effectiveness as regards nitrogen fixation. Where tow strains of nodule bacteria are both present in the surroundings of their host's root system, active competition between them may cause the strain having the higher initial growth rate almost completely to check multiplication of the other strain outside the plant. This dominant strain will then be responsible for nearly all the nodules. In peas and soy beans, where growth of the root sysytem is rapid and of comparatively short duration, the nodule-producing capacity of the plant may be partially or wholly satisfied by the nodules produced within the first few weeks, so that further infection, whether by the same or by a different strain, is checked or inhibited. In clover, whose root system continues to grow over a long period, the first-formed nodules do not stop further nodules from being formed either by the same or by a different strain. There are large differences in the rates of appearance and final numbers of nodules produced by different strains supplied in pure culture, particularly with clover. The relative numbers of nodules produced by the two strains simultaneously applied to the roots is conditioned by the specific infectivity peculiar to each strain, unless some other factor, such as competition outside the plant, masks this effect.

A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND THE EFFECTS OF BACTERIOPHAGE OF ROOT NODULE BACTERIA IN THE SOIL

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Kleczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Root Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Mutants ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Bacterial Mixtures

Bacteriophage for clover nodule bacteria can be found on roots and nodules of all naturally grown clover plants and also in the soil surrounding the roots, but not in soil without clover plants. Alternative hosts for the phage of clover bacteria are pea bacteria, and vice versa. The bacteria and the phage are heterogeneous in the sense that only a proportion of strains of clover bacteria and of pea bacteria are susceptible to lysis by a given race of phage, and only a proportion of races of phage can lyse a given bacterial strain. There does not seem to be any association between the susceptibility of bacterial strains to lysis by phage and any other features such as antigenic structure and effectiveness in nitrogen fixation. There may be an association with avirulence, i.e. inability to infect the host plant. The behavior of phage–bacterial mixtures depends on the surrounding medium. The longevity of phage in soil or in a soil-like medium such as a vermiculite mixture is relatively short, and the effect of phage can be localized so that phage-susceptible bacteria and the phage can exist close to each other without any apparent interaction. However, as long as the phage is present, phage-resistant bacterial mutants are usually present also. The phage-resistant mutants may also be mutants in other respects such as effectiveness in nitrogen fixation. In the presence of weakened phage, bacterial mutants were found to occur that differ from the parent form in effectiveness but resemble it in susceptibility to the phage.

scholarly journals The reaction of self-fertile alfalfa lines to inoculation with nodule bacteria

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Fixation Activity ◽  
Different Strains

Under the conditions of a model pot experiments, the reaction of the self-fertile lines of alfalfa Kishvardy 46, Kishvardy 27, Vertus and Ziguen to inoculation with nodule bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti AC48 and AC88 was studied. As a result of studies, it was found that the intensity of assimilation of N2 by symbiotic systems created with the participation of various genotypes of alfalfa and active strains of S. meliloti is one of the main factors that affects the vegetative mass yield of this important forage crop. Self-fertile lines of Medicago sativa L. plants, inoculated with different strains of rhizobia were characterized by higher rates of the mass formed on the root nodules, compared to the control plants of the alfalfa variety Yaroslavna. The traditional dynamics of nitrogen-fixation activity of root nodules was maintained in all the symbiotic systems studied by us, with low values in the stems formation stage and intensive growth in the budding and flowering stages. The highest level of nitrogen fixation and vegetative growth of plants (values of plants green and dry mass, roots and root nodules mass) was established by inoculation of alfalfa line Kishvardy 46 with strain S. meliloti AC48. During the growing season the indices of the mass of nodules formed on the roots of these plants were higher by 1.8–2.3 times, the green mass by 1.2–1.6 times and the height of the plants 1.2–1.4 times as compared to the control. In the flowering stages the nitrogen-fixation activity of the symbiotic complex of plants of the Kishvardy line 27 and nodule bacteria S. meliloti AC48 exceeded the values in the symbiotic systems formed with the participation of the same strain and plants of the Ziguen and Vertus lines by 13.0 and 39.4 %. The lowest values of nitrogen fixation activity were observed by inoculation of plants of the Vertus and Ziguen lines with active strains S. meliloti AC48 and AC88 compared to the symbioses formed by the plants of the Kishvardy lines 27 and 46, as well as of the control-variety Yaroslavna with the noted strains. A stimulating effect of inoculation of alfalfa seeds of different genotypes on the growth and development of plants was noted, as evidenced by the positive dynamics of the increase in above-ground mass, the accumulation of dry matter and higher than the control values (indicators) of plant height during the growing season.

Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Root-Nodule Bacteria (Rhizobium Sp. and Bradyrhizobium Sp.) In Two Rehabilitating Sand Dune Areas Planted With Acacia Spp

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
YM Barnet ◽  
PC Catt ◽  
DH Hearne
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Root Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

This paper reports a study of biological nitrogen fixation in two sand dune regions of New South Wales where planted Acacia spp. had been used in revegetation programmes. At one location (Bridge Hill Ridge), natural regrowth had produced a complex plant community, and native legumes in addition to the planted acacias were present. The other area (Wanda Beach) was a grossly disturbed site which contained only the planted species. Symbiotic fixation in association with Australian legumes occurred at both locations at rates within the range reported by other authors. Distinct seasonal changes were apparent, with higher activities in the cooler months. The legume association seemed the only source of biologically fixed nitrogen at Bridge Hill Ridge, but at Wanda Beach cyanobacteria in an algal mat also made a contribution. Fast and slow-growing bacterial strains were obtained from root nodules of native legumes at both sites and were classed as Rhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium sp., respectively. This division was supported by the pattern of serological affinities of the isolates and by differences in their protein profiles demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two atypical types of root-nodule bacteria were found at Bridge Hill Ridge: non-nodulating, fast-growing isolates and an abnormally slow-growing Bradyrhizobium sp.

scholarly journals The action of sodium nitrate upon the infection of Lucerne root-hairs by nodule bacteria

1936 ◽  
Vol 119 (815) ◽  
pp. 474-492 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

The fact that nitrates and ammonium salts harmfully affect nodule formation and the subsequent nitrogen fixation in legumes is well known, and the problem has formed the subject of an extensive literature, refer­ences to which are quoted by Giöbel (1926), by Fred, Baldwin, and McCoy (1932), and by Allison and Ludwig (1934) and need not be given here inextenso . The technical difficulties involved in analysing the action of nitrate upon the association of host and nodule organism are considerable; moreover, the great variation in cultural methods used has made it difficult to compare the results of different workers and has sometimes produced apparent discordance between them. The following facts appear, how­ever, to have been established: 1. Nitrates in sufficient concentration reduce the number of nodules formed and may even entirely inhibit their appearance. Doses of from 5 to 175 mg of nitrate nitrogen per litre have been found entirely to stop nodule formation in agar cultures of legumes (Hiltner, 1900; Flamand,1903-4; Marchal, 1901; Hills, 1918). In sand and soil cultures the inhibiting doses have been found to range from 21 to 488 mg of nitrogen per litre of soil moisture or of solution in the sand (Fred and Graul, 1916; J. K. Wilson, 1917; Hills,1918; Strowd,1920; Ohkawara, 1928). The highest of these figures in both agar and pot cultures are probably excessive, since they refer to initial doses, whereas nodule formation may sometimes have occurred when a weaker concentration, initially inhibitive, was further reduced by assimilation.

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