Effect of grewia hirsuta vahl ethanolic root extract on cognition in scopolamine induced amnesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Yamini Y ◽  
Pushpa kumari B ◽  
Mehathaj S ◽  
Phani deepthi V
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Nootropic Drug ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine

Objective Alzheimer's illnesses are becoming medical nightmares because there is no exact solution and existing nootropic medicines (Piracetam, tacrine, and metrifonate) have significant drawbacks. The goal of this study was to see if the ethanolic root extract of Grewia hirsuta (ERGH) could improve memory in rats who had been given scopolamine. Materials and procedures At rats, ERGH was given orally in dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days, followed by Scopolamine (18 mg/kg i.p.) from the 25th to the 27th day. The usual nootropic drug was piracetam (200 mg/kg). The elevated plus maze (EPM), Morris water maze (MWM), and passive avoidance (PA) paradigms are used to assess cognitive functioning. Invivo anti-oxidant activity and brain acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity were assessed.  Results: At the indicated doses, ERGH extract showed a substantial memory-enhancing activity by decreasing the transfer latency in EPM, increasing the escape latency in MWM, and increasing the shock-free zone in PA. In scopolamine-induced amnesia rats, pretreatment with ERGH resulted in a significant drop in AchE enzyme, an increase in enzymatic antioxidant, and a decrease in MDA levels. Conclusion Because of its several favorable benefits, such as memory-improving properties, anticholinesterase activity, and antioxidant activity, ERGH may prove to be a useful drug in the current study, and it would be important to investigate its potential in the care of Alzheimer's patients.

COGNITIVE ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF VITIS VINIFERA LINN IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AMNESIA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM OF BRAIN

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (02) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
K. S Patil ◽  
◽  
R. V Hadaginal ◽  
R. R Wadekar
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Behavioral Impairment ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Plus Maze

The present study investigates the effect of ethanolic Vitis vinifera fruit extract on cognitive function in scopolamine, and electroshock induced amnesia in rats. To explore the potential effect, V. vinifera extract was screened by administrating dose (200 mg/kg) for 7 days using scopolamine-induced amnesia model. Cognition parameters were assessed using elevated plus maze and passive avoidance task method with Mentat as standard by using parameters of step down and transfer latency. Acetylcholinesterases enzyme level from brain homogenate was estimated on 7th day. V. vinifera extract (200 mg/kg) showed increase in escape latency (p<0.001) and time spent in target quadrant (p<0.05) while decrease in transfer latency (p<0.001) was observed in scopolamine induced amnesia. Further, pretreatment with V. vinifera (200 mg/kg) significantly reversed the behavioral impairment in scopolamine and electroconvulsive shock induced amnesia. Thus, that ethanolic fruit extract of V. vinifera possesses cognition enhancing property in scopolamine and electroshock induced amnesia models.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective effects of Clitoria ternatea L. against propionic acid-induced behavior and memory impairment in autistic rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Jiji ◽  
P. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder is primarily characterized by complex behavioral and altered memory as a consequence of neuronal development abnormalities. The treatment of autism is highly challenging because of the lack of knowledge about its exact etiopathology. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, there are group of plants named ‘Medhya drugs' because of their ability to improve brain- and neuron-related activities like learning and memory. Clitoria ternatea L. is one of the listed ‘Medhya drugs’ which have been proved for its memory enhancement effects; in the present study, the ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea L. was evaluated for its neuroprotective ability against propionic acid-induced memory and behavior impairments in an autistic rat model. The variation in behavior and memory were investigated by utilizing different procedures like rat elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test. In vitro assays for the estimations of glutamate and serotonin were also performed in isolated rat brain tissue homogenate. Results The object recognition and elevated plus maze test were showed the promising effects of Clitoria ternatea L. ethanolic root extract against the propionic acid-induced autism. In this study, the propionic acid infused rats (Group II) fail to recognize and explore the novel object compared to Group I (infused with phosphate-buffered saline) animals; extract treatment at two different doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) (Groups III & IV, respectively) prevented these damage significantly (p < 0.001) so that extract-treated groups showed significant improvement in novel object recognition in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the effect of extract treatment on learning and memory of rats was investigated using transfer latency as a parameter for acquisition and retention of memory process on elevated plus maze; this further proved the memory enhancement ability of Clitoria ternatea L. Extract treatment also significantly reduced the concentration of different neurotransmitters like serotonin and glutamate in rat brain homogenate (Groups III &IV) in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the Group II. Conclusion The ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea L. proved to be effective against propionic acid-induced memory and behavior impairments in an autistic rat model.

scholarly journals Role of Rauwolfia serpentina in stroke induced experimental dementia

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Neema Kanyal
Keyword(s):  
Water Maze ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Rauwolfia Serpentina ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Objective: To investigate the Role of Rauwolfia serpentina in stroke induced experimental dementia. Methods: Methanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina(RS) at a dose of 10mg/kg,20mg/kg and 40mg/kg;p.o. was studied against global cerebral ischemia induced dementia by occluding both common carotid arteries. RS at a dose of 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg;p.o. were administered for 14 days before and 7 days after both common carotid arteries occlusion(BCCAO) and were continued during behavioral testing i.e. Morris water maze test and elevated plus maze test. At the end of all experiment mice brain were removed and TBARS level, SOD level and infract size were determined.Results : Occlusion of both common carotid arteries significantly increased escape latency time(ELT) during acquisition trial and decrease, time spent in target quadrant on morris water maze, an increase in escape latency time was also observed on elevated plus maze when measured after 7 days of occlusion.Furthermore, TBARS levels, SOD levels and infract size were also increased when measured after 12 days of occlusion. Administration of RS specially at a dose of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg;p.o. significantly attenuated these alteration and show neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress, infract size and learning and memory impairment. Conclusions: These finding suggest that Rauwolfia serpentina may have a promising role as a prophylactic drug in stroke induced experimental dementia due to its neuroprotective effect. The phenolic compound like phenolic acid, flavanoids and tannins present in the plant.

Brahmi herbal drink mitigates aluminium chloride induced cognitive impairments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
T. Anand ◽  
M. D. Pandareesh ◽  
T. Mohan Manu ◽  
Farhath Khanum ◽  
N. Roopa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Bacopa Monniera ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Learning And Memory Deficit

<p>Aluminium chloride (AlCl<sub>3</sub>) is neurotoxic and has been proposed to be one of the environmental factors responsible for neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disorders. It also causes learning and memory deficit. <em>Bacopa monniera</em> is well known for its memory enhancing property in traditional Indian system of medicine. In the present investigation we aim to evaluate cognitive-enhancing and neuromodulatory property of brahmi herbal drink (BHD), a nutraceutical product from <em>Bacopa monniera</em> extract. BHD was evaluated for physicochemical, sensory attributes and stability studies. Overall acceptability of BHD was good according to hedonic scale/ratings. Stability of the drink is for 6 months without losing its activity. Further, cognitive enhancing and neuromodulatory propensity of BHD was evaluated against AlCl<sub>3</sub> treatment in rats. Administration of AlCl<sub>3</sub> (100 mg/kg) daily for 23 days significantly increased cognitive impairment as evaluated in elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. BHD supplementation improved cognitive ability by decreasing the transfer and escape latency of EPM and MWM tests respectively. Our results further elucidate that BHD supplementation decreased acetylcholine esterase activity and nitric oxide levels by down-regulating AChE and iNOS expression respectively. BHD supplementation showed it neuroprotective efficacy by up-regulating BDNF expression. AlCl<sub>3</sub> induced lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species generation was significantly alleviated by BHD and restored antioxidant status levels. All these results demonstrated the cognitive-enhancing and neuromodulatory potential of BHD in counteracting the damage inflicted by AlCl<sub>3</sub> on rat brain.</p>

Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passiflora incarnata L. in the elevated plus maze in mice

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sampath ◽  
M Holbik ◽  
L Krenn ◽  
V Butterweck
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Passiflora Incarnata

Neuropharmacological Characterization of Dioclea altissima Seed Lectin (DAL) in Mice: Evidence of Anxiolytic-like Effect Mediated by Serotonergic, GABAergic Receptors and NO Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 3895-3904
Author(s):  
João R.C. Araújo ◽  
Adriana R. Campos ◽  
Marina de Barros M.V. Damasceno ◽  
Sacha A.A.R. Santos ◽  
Maria K.A. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Plant Lectins ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Marble Burying ◽  
Gabaergic Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hole Board

Background: Plant lectins have shown promising biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS). Objective: This study evaluated the effect of DAL, a lectin isolated from the seeds of the Dioclea altissima species, having binding affinity to D-glucose or D-mannose residues, on mice behavior. Methods: Mice (n=6/group) were treated (i.p.) with DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or vehicle and subjected to several tests (open field/OFT, marble-burying/MBT, hole-board/HBT, elevated plus maze/PMT, tail suspension/ TST, forced swimming/FST or rotarod/RRT). Pizotifen, cyproheptadine, flumazenil, L-NAME, 7-NI, Larginine or yohimbine were administered 15 min before DAL (0.5 mg/kg) and the animals were evaluated on PMT. It was also verified whether the DAL effect depended on its structural integrity and ability to interact with carbohydrates. Results: The results showed there were no neurobehavioral changes in the mice at the RRT, FST and locomotion in the OFT. DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) increased the behavior of grooming and rearing in the OFT, head dips in the HBT, pedalling in the TST and decreased the number of marbles hidden in the MBT. In the PMT, DAL (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and Diazepam increased the frequency of entries in the open arms and the time of permanence in the open arms without affecting the locomotor activity. The effect of DAL was dependent on carbohydrate interaction and protein structure integrity and it prevented by pizotifen, cyproheptadine, flumazenil, L-NAME and 7-NI, but not by L-arginine or yohimbine. Conclusion: DAL was found to have an anxiolytic-like effect mediated by the 5-HT and GABAergic receptors and NO pathway.

Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Properties of the β-caryophyllene in Swiss Mice: Involvement of Benzodiazepine-GABAAergic, Serotonergic and Nitrergic Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. da Silva Oliveira ◽  
José C. Correia L. da Silva ◽  
Ana P. dos Santos C. L da Silva ◽  
Chistiane M. Feitosa ◽  
Fernanda R. de Castro Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Feeding Test ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Gabaergic Receptors ◽  
Pre Treatment

Background: Central nervous system disorders such as anxiety, depression and epilepsy are characterized by sharing several molecular mechanisms in common and the involvement of the L-arginine/NO pathway in neurobehavioral studies with β-caryophyllene is still little discussed. Objectives: One of the objectives of the present study was to demonstrate the anxiolytic behavioral effect of β-caryophyllene (β-CBP) in female Swiss mice, as well as to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the results obtained. Methods: This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of β-CBP using the open field test, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze test, novelty suppressed feeding test, tail suspension test and forced swim test, as well as pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced epileptic seizure models. Results:: The results demonstrated that the neuropharmacological activities of β-CBP may involve benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, since the pre-treatment of β-CBP (200 mg/kg) associated with flumazenil (5 mg/kg, benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg, selective GABAA receptor antagonist) reestablished the anxiety parameters in the elevated plus-maze test, as well as the results of reduced latency to consume food in the novelty suppressed feeding test. In addition to benzodiazepine/GABAergic receptors, the neuropharmacological properties of β-CBP may be related to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, since pre-treatment with L-arginine (500- 750 mg/kg) reversed significantly the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of β-CBP. Conclusion: The results obtained provide additional support in understanding the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsive properties of β-CBP in female Swiss mice.

scholarly journals Replacing a Palatable High-Fat Diet with a Low-Fat Alternative Heightens κ-Opioid Receptor Control over Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2341
Author(s):  
Conner W. Wallace ◽  
Nari S. Beatty ◽  
Sarah A. Hutcherson ◽  
Heather A. Emmons ◽  
Madison C. Loudermilt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Food Cravings ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

Diet-induced obesity reduces dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and stressful weight loss interventions could promote cravings for palatable foods high in fat and sugar that stimulate dopamine. Activation of κ-opioid receptors (KORs) reduces synaptic dopamine, but contribution of KORs to lower dopamine tone after dietary changes is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the function of KORs in C57BL/6 mice that consumed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks followed by replacement of HFD with a control 10% fat diet for one day or one week. HFD replacement induced voluntary caloric restriction and weight loss. However, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry revealed no differences in baseline dopamine parameters, whereas sex effects were revealed during KOR stimulation. NAc core dopamine release was reduced by KOR agonism after one day of HFD replacement in females but after one week of HFD replacement in males. Further, elevated plus-maze testing revealed no diet effects during HFD replacement on overt anxiety. These results suggest that KORs reduce NAc dopamine tone and increase food-related anxiety during dietary weight loss interventions that could subsequently promote palatable food cravings and inhibit weight loss.

scholarly journals Effects of test experience, closed-arm wall color, and illumination level on behavior and plasma corticosterone response in an elevated plus maze in male C57BL/6J mice: a challenge against conventional interpretation of the test

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Shoji ◽  
Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Illumination Level ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Corticosterone Response

AbstractThe elevated plus maze test is a widely used test for assessing anxiety-like behavior and screening novel therapeutic agents in rodents. Previous studies have shown that a variety of internal factors and procedural variables can influence elevated plus maze behavior. Although some studies have suggested a link between behavior and plasma corticosterone levels, the relationships between them remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of experience with a battery of behavioral tests, the wall color of the closed arms, and illumination level on the behavior and plasma corticosterone responses in the elevated plus maze in male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were either subjected to a series of behavioral tests, including assessments of general health and neurological function, a light/dark transition test, and an open field test, or left undisturbed until the start of the elevated plus maze test. The mice with and without test battery experience were allowed to freely explore the elevated plus maze. The other two independent groups of naïve mice were tested in mazes with closed arms with different wall colors (clear, transparent blue, white, and black) or different illumination levels (5, 100, and 800 lx). Immediately after the test, blood was collected to measure plasma corticosterone concentrations. Mice with test battery experience showed a lower percentage of open arm time and entries and, somewhat paradoxically, had lower plasma corticosterone levels than the mice with no test battery experience. Mice tested in the maze with closed arms with clear walls exhibited higher open arm exploration than mice tested in the maze with closed arms with black walls, while there were no significant differences in plasma corticosterone levels between the different wall color conditions. Illumination levels had no significant effects on any measure. Our results indicate that experience with other behavioral tests and different physical features of the maze affect elevated plus maze behaviors. Increased open arm time and entries are conventionally interpreted as decreased anxiety-like behavior, while other possible interpretations are considered: open arm exploration may reflect heightened anxiety and panic-like reaction to a novel situation under certain conditions. With the possibility of different interpretations, the present findings highlight the need to carefully consider the test conditions in designing experiments and drawing conclusions from the behavioral outcomes in the elevated plus maze test in C57BL/6J mice.

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