Evaluación química y emisión de gas In-vitro en ensilados mixtos de King Grass y Clitoria-ternatea

El estudio evaluó la composición química, degradabilidad de la materia seca, producción de metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2) en ensilados mixtos. Se realizaron micro silos de King grass CT-115 con la inclusión de 20, 30 y 40% de Clitoria ternatea adicionando de 5.0% de melaza y 0.5% de ácido fosfórico. Después de 40 días de fermentación, se determinó materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (NA) y ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV). La fermentación in vitro realizada midió la degradabilidad de la materia seca, emisiones de CH4 y CO2 a las 24, 48 y 72h. La inclusión de Clitoria ternatea en los ensilados aumentó el contenido de MS y PC (P< 0.05) y disminuyeron (P<0.05) los porcentajes de FDN y FDA. El pH fue menor a 4.5 (P<0.05) con la adición de ácido fosfórico. Las concentraciones de AGV y de NA indicaron buena calidad de los ensilados. La inclusión de 40% de Clitoria ternatea en los ensilados produjo una disminución de 27% de CH4 (P<0.05) durante la fermentación in vitro. Como conclusión, la inclusión de 40% de Clitoria ternatea en ensilados de King grass CT-115 mejora la composición química y disminuye las emisiones de CH4 durante la fermentación ruminal in vitro.

Growth Performance and Carcass Analysis of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed Varying Inclusion Levels Of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria Ternatea) Seed Meal

High cost of qualitative fish feed is one of problems hampering the development and profitability of fish farming and consequently leads to food insecurity in terms of food availability and accessibility. The study was conducted to determine growth parameters and carcass composition of Clarias gariepinus juveniles of mean weight 21.74g+0.54g fed with varying levels of dietary inclusion of Clitoria ternatea seed meal substituted for soybean meal over a period of eight weeks. Four iso-nitrogenous experimental diets were formulated at 0% (control), 25%, 50% and 100% inclusion levels of C. ternatea seed meal. The 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in rectangular plastic tanks, each treatment having three replicates with two feeding regime at 5% body weight and weighed every week. At the end of the intensive feeding period, samples from each treatment were oven dried for nutritive analysis of the fish carcass. The values of mean weight gain for diets I and III were 27.7+1.11 and 27.23+0.94 respectively. Comparatively, the growth parameters values; FI(g), SGR(%), FCR(g), PER(%) and NPU(%) for control diet and diet III were the best with no significant difference (p>0.05). The Carcass evaluation revealed that Diet I had the highest crude protein which was not significantly different (p>0.05) from diet III. It was established that fish fed 50% inclusion level of C. ternatea seed meal had effective comparable biological values with the control diet in terms of growth performance and feed utilization. The total fish production (kg) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between diets I and III.

Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effect of Clitoria ternatea Linn.

Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. The presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. Ayurvedic medicine may be a powerful weapon given by our nature to cure disease. Considering the importance of plants as sources of drugs even today people are adopting different herbal drugs for the treatment of assorted diseases. During the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. This study planned to assess antidepressant like activity of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (fabaceae). Soxhlet extraction method was used for methanolic extraction. Antidepressant activity was studied using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of flower were selected for testing. Imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the reference standard drugs. Methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea flower significantly reduced immobility time in both TST and FST. Extract increased the climbing behavior in FST, which is similar to effect observed with imipramine. The results of this study suggest that antidepressant like effect of Clitoria ternatea seems to be mediated by an increase in norepinephrine level in synapses. However further study is needed to understand mechanism of action and to isolate the active component responsible for antidepressant like activity.

Anthocyanins From Clitoria ternatea Flower: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Stability, Antioxidant Activity, and Applications

Clitoria ternatea plant is commonly grown as an ornamental plant and possesses great medicinal value. Its flower is edible and also known as blue pea or butterfly pea flower. The unique feature of anthocyanins present in blue pea flowers is the high abundance of polyacylated anthocyanins known as ternatins. Ternatins are polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3,3′,5′-triglucoside. This review covers the biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications of anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower. Hot water extraction of dried or fresh petals of blue pea flower could be employed successfully to extract anthocyanins from blue pea flower for food application. Blue pea flower anthocyanins showed good thermal and storage stability, but less photostability. Blue pea flower anthocyanins also showed an intense blue colour in acidic pH between pH 3.2 to pH 5.2. Blue pea flower anthocyanin extracts demonstrate significant in vitro and cellular antioxidant activities. Blue pea flower anthocyanins could be used as a blue food colourant in acidic and neutral foods. The incorporation of blue pea flower anthocyanins in food increased the functional properties of food such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Blue pea flower anthocyanins have also been used in intelligent packaging. A comparison of blue pea flower anthocyanins with two other natural blue colouring agents used in the food industry, spirulina or phycocyanin and genipin-derived pigments is also covered. Anthocyanins from blue pea flowers are promising natural blue food colouring agent.

Cytogenetical analysis of Clitoria ternatea

Clitoria ternatea L. of the family Fabaceae is an economical, ornamental as well as medicinal important species. Chromosome characterization of C. ternatea, encompassing karyomorphological as well as fluorochrome binding was carried out in the present investigation. Karyomorphological studies showed the presence of 2n = 16 somatic chromosome number with three pairs of metacentric chromosomes and five pairs of submedian chromosomes. The analysis also revealed the present of one pair of nucleolar organizing region or satellite. Fluorochrome binding using chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) showed the presence of GC- and AT- rich heterochromatic region. Further analysis revealed the percentage of GC-rich was comparatively higher than AT-rich heterochromatic region. This is the first report on heterochromatin characterization in C. ternatea.

Clitoria ternatea - Shifting Paradigms: From Laboratory to Industry

Clitoria ternatea commonly known as Butterfly pea is a standard Ayurvedic medicinal plant used in many parts of south Asian countries. Traditional medicinal plants are a great alternative to find new treatments and for the development of novel antimicrobials to combat many diseases. In Ayurveda and traditional and folk medicine in several countries, decoction and extracts made from C. ternatea are recommended to be used for various medical treatments. C. ternatea extracts claimed to possess antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, which had been supported and validated by many in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, biologically active compound/s isolation and development novel compounds still remain in its infancy. Despite its enormous potential health benefits, only a single commercial product managed to reach industrial level production. C. ternatea cyclotide studies are also limited despite the fact that it the fastest known natural ligase discovered to date. These cyclotides are rapid peptide ligators and has been the focus of many recent studies on peptide ligation and cyclization for biotechnological applications. In this mini summary we have tried to point out innate unique biological properties of C. ternatea and suggested few future studies, more specifically on C. ternatea cyclotides development against bacterial heat shock proteins (Hsp 100) for novel antimicrobial discovery and development.