Formulation Shooting Gel on Jamblang Fruit (Syzgium cumini) as Sunscreen and Physical Stability

Effect of exposure ultraviolet light, which is bad for human skin, results in sunburn, dryness, premature aging until skin cancer occurs. Shooting gel is a cosmetic product that is just a trend in the community, containing active ingredients with high concentrations, making it suitable for use as a sunscreen. Previous studies of jamblang have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to obtain a stable, optimum formula for shooting jamblang fruit gel by determining the SPF value and measuring the irritation index. Shooting jamblang fruit gel made four concentrations (60, 70, 80, and 90%) and evaluated physical characteristics, determination of SPF values, and stability test. The data obtained were analyzed with a different 95% confidence level test to find out a significant difference between the treatment groups. The results of the research of positive jamblang fruit contain flavonoid compounds, phenolic, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, and saponins. Evaluation of physical characteristics shows that variations in concentration do not affect viscosity (p > 0.05) but affect pH, dispersion, and adhesion (p 0.05). SPF FI value of 5.46 (Medium); FII of 11.45 (maximum); FIII of 8.51 (maximum); FIV of 34.73 (Ultra). The Greater the concentration, the greater the SPF value. Stability Shooting jamblang fruit gel almost all formulas there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) on the evaluation of viscosity, adhesion, and dispersion. At pH, there were significant differences in all formulas (p 0.05).

The methanolic crude extract of Garcinia lancifolia have significant pharmacological activities with potential sources of phytochemicals

Background: Garcinia lancifolia, a potential medicinal plant has significant local use to alleviate various diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and as a pain reliever but not scientifically proven at yet. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-diarrheal, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of crude extract of G. lancifolia. Methods: The plant parts of G. lancifolia were collected, dried, powdered, and extracted with methanol. Then the extracts were subjected to in-vivo anti-diarrheal activity by castor oil-induced method and analgesic activity by hot plate method in mice model. The Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and total phenolic content were demonstrated for the analysis of antioxidant activity. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active phytochemicals like flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, and terpenoids in the plant extract. The extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significantly a reduction of diarrheal feces by 61.161% (p 0.01) and 72.33% (p 0.001), respectively in contrast to standard drug loperamide (77.83% reduction). In the hot plate method, the crude extract (300 mg/kg) revealed significant (p 0.05) analgesia in comparison to standard aceclofenac. In an antioxidant activity test, the extract contains a moderate level of phenolic content 10.78 μg/mg of gallic acid equivalent and the antioxidant activity by using DPPH free radical scavenging showed poor antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 148.26 μg/mL. Conclusion: The findings of this study conclude that this plant is a potential source of pharmacological actions that may be a basis for further investigation on a large scale

Investigate of Haemostatic and Fibrinolytic System Parameters among Sickle Cell Anaemia Patients in the Khartoum State

Introduction: A sickle cell anaemia one of a haemoglobinopathy, which constituted as a model for genetically inherited disorders, the course of the disease involves may crises, the investigation of hemostatic components as fibrinogen and fibrinolysis as D-dimer, reflect the overall hemostatic status in the sickle cell anaemia patients. Aim: To investigates hemostatic and fibrinolytic system parameters among sickle cell anaemia patients in the Khartoum state. Methods: The study was conducted in Khartoum state, in JafarIbn Auf Reference Hospital for children as descriptive case-control, a laboratory-based study from 2017-18, specimens were collected randomly of the study population with irrespective to age and gender, blood draw in tri-sodium citrate container, the ethical and consent were obtained. The fibrinogen level was estimated by CA51 semi-automated coagulation analyzer optically based, and the D-dimer were assayed by MISPA-i2, a nephelometric based, the results for each parameter were recorded and using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software for analysis by independent T-test and the statistical significance > 0.05. Results: A hundred participants fifty as study group (HbSS) sickle cell anemic Sudanese child clinically and laboratory-confirmed and fifty healthy as the control group, in comparing a mean of fibrinogen show statistically insignificant (P value 0.645) study group 291.1 ± 107.8 mg/dL and control group 283.4 ± 49.1 mg/dL, but there was a significant difference in comparing a mean of D-dimer in study group 0.56 ± 0.33 μg/mL and control group 0.33 ± 0.14 the P. value 0.00015. Conclusion: The level of D-dimer may be used as a hypercoagulability biomarker in comparison to the level of fibrinogen level for sickle cell anaemia Sudanese child.

Evaluation of the in-vitro Antifungal Activity of Selected Fungal Species Tested Against Opportunistic Human Pathogen Candida albicans

Candida albicans is currently the fourth-leading cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, reaching a mortality rate of up to 35–40% for systemic or disseminated infections. Systemic mycoses can occur in patients with severely impaired immune systems (AIDS), with organ or bone marrow transplants, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and patients in ICU (neonates and elderly). It is, therefore, obvious that there is a substantial need for fast, effective antifungal antibiotics to combat fungal infections. The present investigation has been proposed to screen effective fungal metabolites for the control of Candida albicans by evaluating the potential of fungal bioactive compounds, its purification and characterization

A Brief Study of Nephrotoxicity and Nephroprotective Agents

A kidney is particularly prone to the action of nephrotoxins because it receives 25% of the cardiac output. The presence of the metabolic processes in the renal tubular cells, nephrotoxins can release toxic components and induce damage. Nephrotoxicity can be diagnosed through a simple blood test. Evaluation of nephrotoxicity through blood tests includes the measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the concentration of serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance. The majority of cases of renal disease remain unnoticed unless they progress to advance stages when conventional therapeutic interventions are usually not sufficient to cure them completely. In this review, the study attempted to identify biomarkers that are more sensitive than the established markers and that are more indicative of pre-renal damage. Research is also focused on identifying biomarkers that can indicate the nature of the mechanisms involved. Nephrotoxicity assays such as measurement of the concentration of serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) do not have the sensitivity and selectivity required to determine nephrotoxicity in an early stage. Recently identified biomarkers described in this review may provide useful information to diagnose nephrotoxicity earlier and more selectively.

Antidiabetic Activity of Fractions of the n-Hexane Extract of Leaves of Eriosema psoraleoides (Lam) G. Don (Leguminosae) on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Diabetes is a chronic disease that is raising health concerns. Eriosema psoraleoides is one of the medicinal plants reported to be used in managing this condition in Eastern Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of four fractions [(n-hexane; n-hexane: dichloromethane (50:50); dichloromethane; and dichloromethane: methanol (95:5)] of the n-hexane leaf extract of this plant on the blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The n-hexane extract was obtained by maceration, filtration, and evaporation using a rotary evaporator. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard methods. The extract was fractionated using column chromatography, and ten fractions were obtained. The fractions were pooled together into four fractions based on the similarity in their Rf values. A dose of 200mg/kg of each of the fractions was given orally for 7 days to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, and plasma blood glucose concentrations determined. Preliminary screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, reducing sugars, tannins and combined anthraquinones. Two fractions, the n-hexane: dichloromethane (50:50) and the dichloromethane, produced significant (p 0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentrations in their treated groups compared to that of glibenclamide (standard drug) treated, and the diabetic untreated groups of the diabetic rats. However, the n-hexane and the dichloromethane: methanol (95:5) fractions produced no significant (p 0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentrations. The observed antidiabetic property of the n-hexane: dichloromethane (50:50) and the dichloromethane (100%) fractions suggests that Eriosema psoraleoides could be used in the management of diabetes and this gives credence to its use in ethnomedicine for this purpose.

Various Novel Drug Delivery Systems in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular disease the life threatens issues in the present days, which includes other diseases like angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. The various novel drug delivery systems like transdermal patches, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, microbubbles, drug-eluting balloons, and an eluting drug stents are used for targeted drug delivery and improved therapeutic efficacy and showed better patient compliance in the present days.

Solid dispersion a novel approach for enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate: a review

The oral route is the most preferred route for the administration of various drugs because it is the most convenient and safest route for drug delivery. The researcher develops a recently fast dissolving tablet (FDT). This improved patient compliance and convenience. FDTs are defining as the solid dosage form, which disintegrates in saliva without the need for water. Solid dispersions attract considerable interest by increasing the dissolution rate and also enhance the bioavailability of poor water-soluble drugs. Pre-gastric absorption avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, which increases the bioavailability of the drug. One part of the review article focus on solid dispersion, there advantages, disadvantages, and method of preparation. Later part of the review article focus on the evaluation of fast dissolving tablet.

Usnic Acid Inhibits Cell Proliferation Via Downregulation Of PCNA Expression In Gastric Carcinoma AGS Cells

Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite obtained from various species of lichen. Previous studies have shown various biological activities of usnic acid, such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-protozoal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities in different models. Its anti-proliferative activities in gastric cancer cells are still unexplored. Herein, we have investigated the effects of usnic acid on cell proliferation and viability and associated molecular alterations in human gastric carcinoma AGS cells. The treatment of usnic acid (2.5-25μM) dose-dependently reduced cell proliferation. The mRNA expression of tumor suppressor gene phosphatase tensin homolog (PTEN)in the usnic acid-treated AGS cells was increased, which may play a role in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death. We also observed a decrease in the expression of PCNA that regulates cell proliferation by playing an important role in DNA replication. The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, which may play a role in cell cycle and proliferation inhibition was found uninfluenced with usnic acid treatment. Thus, collectively these results revealed that usnic acid inhibits the cell proliferation of AGS cells through downregulating the expression of PCNA and can be further evaluated in vivo models for its therapeutic potentials.

Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Substituted 4- ((1H-Benzo[d]Imidazol-2-YL) Methoxy) Coumarin Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

A series of coumarin-benzimidazole derivatives i.e. 4-((1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2- yl)methoxy)coumarin derivatives (7a-j) was synthesized by reacting appropriate starting materials and evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial activity. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR). Antimicrobial studies of these compounds were performed against the both the Gram positive, MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The activity was investigated by using both Agar well diffusion as well as MIC assay. All the compounds were show significant bactericidal activity against all the pathogenic strains in comparison to Ciprofloxacin, a broad spectrum antibiotic against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Most of the synthesized derivatives appeared as excellent antimicrobial agents as compared to standard drug Ciprofloxacin. Compound 7b was found to be the most active antibacterial agent against Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria.