Comment Joël Noilhan a influencé la modélisation et les études en climat urbain

2020 ◽  
pp. 093
Author(s):  
Valéry Masson ◽  
Aude Lemonsu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
International Expert ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
Sont Encore ◽  
The City ◽  
Climate Studies ◽  
The Town

Bien que ce fait soit peu connu, Joël Noilhan a commencé sa carrière non pas dans l'étude de la végétation, mais dans celle du climat urbain. Ses résultats de thèse sur les échanges radiatifs entre les différentes faces d'un bâtiment, le ciel et le sol sont encore utilisés comme hypothèses dans la plupart des modèles de canopée urbaine, comme celui développé au CNRM, Town Energy Balance (TEB). Joël a contribué dans les années 2000 à l'essor de la météorologie urbaine au CNRM. Il a notamment encouragé les collaborations internationales avec l'équipe canadienne du professeur Tim Oke, spécialiste mondial du climat urbain, et initié un volet expérimental dédié à l'urbain sur la ville de Marseille, lors de la campagne Escompte en 2001. This is not well known, but Joël Noilhan did not start his career by studying vegetation processes, but rather urban climate. His PhD results on radiative exchanges around a building still form the basis of radiative processes in most urban canopy models such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB) developed at CNRM. In the 2000s, he contributed to the urban climate studies at CNRM. He encouraged an international collaboration with the team of Tim Oke, in Canada, an international expert in urban climate. He also initiated an experimental component dedicated to urban environment over the city of Marseille, during the Escompte campaign in 2001.

REVITALIZATION OF CHINATOWN AREA AS SUSTAINABLE URBAN HERITAGE IN THE CITY OF MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verry Lahamendu ◽  
Judy O. Waani ◽  
Aristotulus E. Tungka
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Urban Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

China Village or Town is an urban region with Chinese as majority of the community. The China Town is located at the old part of the city of Manado and is well known as one of the oldest trade centres in Manado. As one of the urban heritage in the city of Manado, the Chinatown has unique landmarks with temples that are religious buildings for the Chinese community. With time, the quality of the environment has degraded and the image of the Chinatown has become vague.This paper investigates the existing condition of the town through site observation. It then proposes several suggestions with regard to the revitalisation of the Chinatown without discarding its existing function as a one of the trade centres in Manado. It is hoped that the revitalisation of the town would improve the quality of its urban environment that at the end would positively impact the quality of life of its dwellers, and construct the image of the city as a whole.

scholarly journals Parametrisation of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in the Town Energy Balance (SURFEX-TEB v. 8.2)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2801-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schoetter ◽  
Valéry Masson ◽  
Alexis Bourgeois ◽  
Margot Pellegrino ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
The Town

Abstract. The anthropogenic heat flux can be an important part of the urban surface energy balance. Some of it is due to energy consumption inside buildings, which depends on building use and human behaviour, both of which are very heterogeneous in most urban areas. Urban canopy parametrisations (UCP), such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB), parametrise the effect of the buildings on the urban surface energy balance. They contain a simple building energy model. However, the variety of building use and human behaviour at grid point scale has not yet been represented in state of the art UCPs. In this study, we describe how we enhance the Town Energy Balance in order to take fractional building use and human behaviour into account. We describe how we parametrise different behaviours and initialise the model for applications in France. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of the simulated building energy consumption for the city of Toulouse. We show that a more detailed description of building use and human behaviour enhances the simulation results. The model developments lay the groundwork for simulations of coupled urban climate and building energy consumption which are relevant for both the urban climate and the climate change mitigation and adaptation communities.

scholarly journals TERRITORIAL DESIGN AS A MARKETING FACTOR TO INCREASE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Екатерина Завьялова ◽  
Ekaterina Zavyalova ◽  
Ольга Котова ◽  
Olga Kotova ◽  
Е. Лысенко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Single Industry ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Marketing Approach

The formation of a comfortable urban environment is one of the priority areas for the development of single-industry towns. The attractiveness of the city (for residents, visitors, etc.) is largely due to the peculiarities of its territorial design. In combination with marketing tools, territorial design becomes a powerful factor in increasing the attractiveness of a single-industry city and improving the quality of life. Particular importance in the formation of a comfortable urban environment is given to the improvement of public areas. When designing such areas, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the city, the opinion of the population, the history and traditions associated with this public space. The paper considers some features of the application of marketing tools in the implementation of projects for territory improvement. The research has employed some general methods (analysis, analogy, system approach), as well as empirical ones (description, comparison). The paper features 1) an analysis of conditions for implementing the marketing approach in cases of territorial planning to increase the attractiveness of single-industry towns; 2) a pros and cons analysis of the project aimed at the formation of comfortable urban environment within the framework of the state program for landscaping. The paper introduces an authentic approach to the development of the stages of using marketing tools in the territorial design. The approach has been implemented in the town of Myski (Kemerovo Region).

scholarly journals GPU Accelerated Parallel Computing for Estimating Continuous Sky view Factor Map

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaojiang li ◽  
Guoqing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Computing ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
View Factor ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Sky View Factor ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
The City ◽  
Climate Studies

Abstract The sky view factor (SVF) that represents the fraction of visible sky on a hemisphere or the percentage of radiation reaching the planar ground in the entire hemisphere’s input radiation is an important parameter for urban climate studies. However, the estimation of a continuous SVF map is very time-consuming, which limits the applications of SVF to small geographical areas. This study proposed to use graphics processing unit (GPU) parallel computing to accelerate the computing of SVF in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. This study implemented and compared both the GPU-accelerated version and regular CPU version of two major methods for estimating continuous SVF maps, ray tracing-based algorithm and shadow casting-based algorithm based on the high-resolution building height model. Results show that the GPU-accelerated algorithms can reduce the time consumption dramatically and estimate the SVF map for the city of Philadelphia in less than 20 minutes on a personal computer with one NVIDIA GPU. The ray tracing-based algorithm has a much more efficiency increase than the shadow casting-based algorithm on GPU. The proposed method makes it possible to generate large-scale continuous SVF maps using regular personal computers with GPU. The proposed GPU-accelerated SVF estimation methods would benefit urban climate studies.

scholarly journals An urban trees parameterization for modeling microclimatic variables and thermal comfort conditions at street level with the Town Energy Balance model (TEB-SURFEX v8.0)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Redon ◽  
Aude Lemonsu ◽  
Valéry Masson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Turbulent Fluxes ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
The Town

Abstract. The Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model has recently been improved to more realistically address the radiative effects of trees within the urban canopy. These processes necessarily have an impact on the energy balance that needs to be taken into account. This is why a new method for calculating the turbulent fluxes for sensible and latent heat has been implemented. This method remains consistent with the “bigleaf” approach of the Interaction Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere (ISBA) model, which deals with energy exchanges between vegetation and atmosphere within TEB. Nonetheless, the turbulent fluxes can now be dissociated between ground-based natural covers and the tree stratum above (knowing the vertical leaf density profile), which can modify the vertical profile in air temperature and humidity in the urban canopy. In addition, the aeraulic effect of trees is added, parameterized as a drag term and an energy dissipation term in the evolution equations of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy, respectively. This set of modifications relating to the explicit representation of the tree stratum in TEB is evaluated on an experimental case study. The model results are compared to micrometeorological and surface temperature measurements collected in a semi-open courtyard with trees and bordered by buildings. The new parameterizations improve the modeling of surface temperatures of walls and pavements, thanks to taking into account radiation absorption by trees, and of air temperature. The effect of wind speed being strongly slowed down by trees is also much more realistic. The universal thermal climate index diagnosed in TEB from inside-canyon environmental variables is highly dependent and sensitive to these variations in wind speed and radiation. This demonstrates the importance of properly modeling interactions between buildings and trees in urban environments, especially for climate-sensitive design issues.

scholarly journals Explore the Accuracy of the Pedestrian Level Temperature Estimated by the Combination of LCZ with WRF Urban Canopy Model through the Microclimate Measurement Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Yu-Cheng Chen ◽  
Fang-Yi Cheng ◽  
Cheng-Pei Yang ◽  
Tzu-Ping Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Urban Canopy Model ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The City ◽  
Canopy Model

Due to the urban heat island effect becoming more evident in the cities in Taiwan, the urban climate has become an essential factor in urban development. Taiwan is located on the border of tropical and subtropical climate zones, the climate condition is hot and humid, and the city shows high-density development. The dense urban development has increased the heat storage capacity of the ground and buildings. However, if only the climate stations set by the Central Meteorological Bureau to observe the climate data are applied, the predicted results differ from the actual urban climate conditions due to the small number of these stations and the too far distance between them. Therefore, this study employs the local climate zone (LCZ), which can classify the land features by considering both land use and land cover, and can be freely generated from satellite images. The LCZ classification method can view the type of the city through the height and density of obstacles. This study also combines the urban canopy model (UCM) of the mesoscale climate prediction model and weather research and forecasts (WRF). This approach can calculate vertical and horizontal planes of the city, such as building volume, road width, the influence of streets and roofs, roof heat capacity, building wall heat capacity, etc., to predict the climatic conditions in different lands in the study area. Simultaneously, to understand the actual distribution of urban climate more accurately, this study used the microclimate measurement network built in the research area to produce pedestrian-level temperature distribution and compared the estimated results with the actual measured values for urban climate assessment. This study can understand the cause of urban heat islands and assist urban planners more appropriately formulate heat island mitigation strategies in different regions.

scholarly journals REVITALIZATION OF CHINATOWN AREA AS SUSTAINABLE URBAN HERITAGE IN THE CITY OF MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verry Lahamendu ◽  
Judy O. Waani ◽  
Aristotulus E. Tungka
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Urban Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

China Village or Town is an urban region with Chinese as majority of the community. The China Town is located at the old part of the city of Manado and is well known as one of the oldest trade centres in Manado. As one of the urban heritage in the city of Manado, the Chinatown has unique landmarks with temples that are religious buildings for the Chinese community. With time, the quality of the environment has degraded and the image of the Chinatown has become vague.This paper investigates the existing condition of the town through site observation. It then proposes several suggestions with regard to the revitalisation of the Chinatown without discarding its existing function as a one of the trade centres in Manado. It is hoped that the revitalisation of the town would improve the quality of its urban environment that at the end would positively impact the quality of life of its dwellers, and construct the image of the city as a whole.

scholarly journals Parametrisation of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in TEB (SURFEX v. 8.2)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schoetter ◽  
Valéry Masson ◽  
Alexis Bourgeois ◽  
Margot Pellegrino ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
The Town

Abstract. The anthropogenic heat flux can be an important part of the urban surface energy balance. Some of it is due to energy consumption inside buildings, which depends on building use and human behaviour, both of which are very heterogeneous in most urban areas. Urban Canopy Parametrisations (UCP), such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB), parametrise the effect of the buildings on the urban surface energy balance. They contain a simple building energy model. However, the variety of building use and human behaviour at grid point scale has not yet been represented in state of the art UCPs. In this study, we describe how we enhance the Town Energy Balance in order to take fractional building use and human behaviour into account. We describe how we parametrise different behaviours and initialise the model for applications in France. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of the simulated building energy consumption for the city of Toulouse. We show that a more detailed description of building use and human behaviour enhances the simulation results. The model developments lay the groundwork for simulations of coupled urban climate and building energy consumption which are relevant for both the urban climate and the climate change mitigation and adaptation communities.

scholarly journals Coupling the Town Energy Balance (TEB) Scheme to an Operational Limited-Area NWP Model: Evaluation for a Highly Urbanized Area in Belgium

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hamdi ◽  
Daan Degrauwe ◽  
P. Termonia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Coarse Resolution ◽  
The Town

Abstract The Town Energy Balance (TEB) single-layer scheme is implemented in a numerical weather prediction model running operationally at ~4-km resolution. The primary question addressed is the ability of TEB to function at this relatively coarse resolution and, thus, assessing its potential use in an operational configuration to improve sensible weather performance over Belgium. For this effort, simulations with and without TEB are first evaluated against 2-m observations and wind above the urban canopy for two months (January and July 2010). The results show that promising improvements are achieved by introducing TEB. The 2-m temperature and 2-m relative humidity improve compared to measurements in urban areas. The comparison of wind speed and wind direction above the urban canopy indicates that the structure of the flow in urban areas is better reproduced with TEB. It was found that the implementation of TEB results in an increase in winter precipitation over urban areas and downwind from urban areas, but during the summer TEB tended to cause rainfall to be locally concentrated and the total accumulated precipitation decreased obviously. Results from a 36-h case study during a high heat day with inland sea-breeze penetration (8 July 2010) indicate that the model satisfactorily captured the penetration of the sea breeze. In particular during the day, the TEB run shows a delay in the sea-breeze evolution compared to the operational run. During the night the results indicate that even at this coarse resolution, TEB is able to correctly reproduce the intensity of the observed urban heat island (UHI) of Brussels.

scholarly journals Inclusion of vegetation in the Town Energy Balance model for modelling urban green areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lemonsu ◽  
V. Masson ◽  
L. Shashua-Bar ◽  
E. Erell ◽  
D. Pearlmutter
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Town

Abstract. Cities impact both local climate, through urban heat islands and global climate, because they are an area of heavy greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere due to heating, air conditioning and traffic. Including more vegetation into cities is a planning strategy having possible positive impacts for both concerns. Improving vegetation representation into urban models will allow us to address more accurately these questions. This paper presents an improvement of the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban canopy model. Vegetation is directly included inside the canyon, allowing shadowing of grass by buildings, better representation of urban canopy form and, a priori, a more accurate simulation of canyon air microclimate. The surface exchanges over vegetation are modelled with the well-known Interaction Soil Biosphere Atmosphere (ISBA) model that is integrated in the TEB's code architecture in order to account for interactions between natural and built-up covers. The design of the code makes possible to plug and use any vegetation scheme. Both versions of TEB are confronted to experimental data issued from a field campaign conducted in Israel in 2007. Two semi-enclosed courtyards arranged with bare soil or watered lawn were instrumented to evaluate the impact of landscaping strategies on microclimatic variables and evapotranspiration. For this case study, the new version of the model with integrated vegetation performs better than if vegetation is treated outside the canyon. Surface temperatures are closer to the observations, especially at night when radiative trapping is important. The integrated vegetation version simulates a more humid air inside the canyon. The microclimatic quantities (i.e., the street-level meteorological variables) are better simulated with this new version. This opens opportunities to study with better accuracy the urban microclimate, down to the micro (or canyon) scale.

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