sky view factor
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Ziemann ◽  
Valeri Goldberg
Keyword(s):  

<p>Thermische Belastungen der Stadtbewohner in Hitzeperioden sind mit den Besonderheiten des Stadtklimas verbunden und spielen für die Stadt- und Umweltplanung eine zunehmende Rolle im Rahmen des Klimawandels. Um die tageszeitlich variable Ausprägung lokaler Wärmeinseln zu erfassen, stehen verschiedene Messmethoden sowie Stadtklimamodelle unterschiedlicher Komplexität zur Verfügung. Mit der Anwendung solcher Verfahren ist der Einsatz von Ressourcen verbunden, der in der planerischen Praxis nicht einfach umsetzbar ist. Um Wärmeinseln zu identifizieren und wirksame Anpassungsmaßnahmen an sommerliche Hitze für die Freiraum- und Gebäudegestaltung abzuleiten, wurden in dieser Studie funktionale Zusammenhänge zwischen stadtmorphologischen Parametern und meteorologischen Daten betrachtet. Die abgeleiteten Beziehungen ermöglichen eine praxistaugliche Anwendung.</p> <p>Dazu wurden Modellsimulationen mit SOLWEIG und ENVI-met für zwei Stadtquartiere in Dresden und Erfurt durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Basierend darauf wurden Beziehungen zwischen Parametern aus manuell erstellten bzw. digitalen Objektmodellen (DOM) und Größen der Wärmebelastung (u. a. mittlere Strahlungstemperatur Tmrt, Universeller Thermischer Klimaindex UTCI) bestimmt. Die Arbeiten fanden im Rahmen des BMBF-Projektes HeatResilientCity statt.</p> <p>Für den lokalen Wärmeinseleffekt und seine raumzeitlichen Variationen spielt der Sky View Factor (SVF) eine Schlüsselrolle. Dieser Parameter beschreibt den Anteil des sichtbaren Himmels an einem Ort und gibt Aufschluss über die Straßengeometrie und Bebauungsdichte sowie zur Verteilung von Bäumen und Sträuchern. Der SVF ist wichtig, um die Strahlungsbilanz in Modellen zu bestimmen und damit die mittlere Strahlungstemperatur (Tmrt) an einem Ort. Die Größe Tmrt ist ein zuverlässiger Prädiktor für die Hitzebelastung tagsüber bei hoher solarer Einstrahlung, aber auch nachts in Bezug auf eine verminderte langwellige Ausstrahlung bzw. die Wärmestrahlung von Baukörpern. Um den Einfluss des SVF auf Tmrt darzustellen, ist die möglichst detaillierte und aktuelle Beschreibung der urbanen Morphologie und Vegetation mit Hilfe hochauflösender DOMs essentiell. Je höher der SVF desto mehr Einstrahlung erfolgt tagsüber. Gleichzeitig sorgt ein höherer SVF nachts auch für eine größere Abstrahlung und kann damit für eine Verringerung von Tmrt und Wärmestress sorgen. Die über die strahlungsreichen Tageszeiten gemittelte Tmrt weist die höchsten Werte an unbeschatteten (hoher SVF) oder nach Süden exponierten Orten auf. Dazu zählen offene Plätze und Innenhöfe oder Straßenzüge in West-Ost-Ausrichtung. Hier ist die thermische Belastung, ausgedrückt mit dem UTCI, tagsüber ebenfalls maximal. Orte mit geringer Tmrt findet man tagsüber dort, wo der SVF sehr gering ist, z. B. im Baumschatten.</p> <p>Die Einflüsse der richtungsabhängigen Strahlungsexposition lassen sich mit dem integralen SVF, der einen gesamten Halbraum beschreibt, nicht darstellen. Deshalb wurden auch Wirkungsunterschiede des SVF in Abhängigkeit von den Charakteristiken der horizonteinschränkenden Elemente (Gebäude vs. Vegetation) quantifiziert, um belastbare Beziehungen zwischen SVF und Wärmeinseleffekt aufzustellen.</p>


2021 ◽  
pp. e01061
Author(s):  
Michael Tanu ◽  
William Amponsah ◽  
Bashiru Yahaya ◽  
Enoch Bessah ◽  
Samuel Owusu Ansah ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Wei Feng ◽  
Wei Ding ◽  
Yingdi Yin ◽  
Qixian Lin ◽  
Meng Zheng ◽  
...  

Rapid urbanization has caused environmental problems such as the urban heat island and air pollution, which are unfavorable to residents. Urban traditional blocks are facing the dual challenges of restoration and protection. This paper proposes adaptive transformation strategies for improving the microclimate of traditional areas. We selected Baxian’an Block in Xi’an city, simulated the air temperature and wind speed during summer and winter using ENVI-met, and studied the correlationship between morphological parameters (average building height, building density, enclosure degree, height fall, aspect ratio, and sky view factor) and air temperature and wind speed ratio. The case study revealed that the wind speed ratio of Baxian’an is relatively different in summer, reaching a maximum of 0.61, meaning that the ventilation capacity is significantly affected by the architectural form of the block. Finally, suggestions for the optimal design of the block’s form are provided: the building density should be less than 50%, the average building height should be more than 50 m, the enclosure degree should be less than 0.2, the height fall should be more than 41.7 m, and the sky view factor should be less than 0.5. This study can provide data and support for improving the planning and design standards of traditional residential areas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4117
Author(s):  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Qianhao Cheng ◽  
Yunhao Chen ◽  
Kangning Li ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
...  

Urban building morphology has a significant impact on the urban thermal environment (UTE). The sky view factor (SVF) is an important structure index of buildings and combines height and density attributes. These factors have impact on the land surface temperature (LST). Thus, it is crucial to analyze the relationship between SVF and LST in different spatial-temporal scales. Therefore, we tried to use a building vector database to calculate the SVF, and we used remote sensing thermal infrared band to retrieve LST. Then, we analyzed the influence between SVF and LST in different spatial and temporal scales, and we analyzed the seasonal variation, day–night variation, and the impact of building height and density of the SVF–LST relationship. We selected the core built-up area of Beijing as the study area and analyzed the SVF–LST relationship in four periods in 2018. The temporal experimental results indicated that LST is higher in the obscured areas than in the open areas at nighttime. In winter, the maximum mean LST is in the open areas. The spatial experimental results indicate that the SVF and LST relationship is different in the low SVF region, with 30 m and 90 m pixel scale in the daytime. This may be the shadow cooling effect around the buildings. In addition, we discussed the effects of building height and shading on the SVF–LST relationship, and the experimental results show that the average shading ratio is the largest at 0.38 in the mid-rise building area in winter.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zian Wang ◽  
Guoan Tang ◽  
Guonian Lü ◽  
Cheng Ye ◽  
Fangzhuo Zhou ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiaojiang li ◽  
Guoqing Wang

Abstract The sky view factor (SVF) that represents the fraction of visible sky on a hemisphere or the percentage of radiation reaching the planar ground in the entire hemisphere’s input radiation is an important parameter for urban climate studies. However, the estimation of a continuous SVF map is very time-consuming, which limits the applications of SVF to small geographical areas. This study proposed to use graphics processing unit (GPU) parallel computing to accelerate the computing of SVF in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. This study implemented and compared both the GPU-accelerated version and regular CPU version of two major methods for estimating continuous SVF maps, ray tracing-based algorithm and shadow casting-based algorithm based on the high-resolution building height model. Results show that the GPU-accelerated algorithms can reduce the time consumption dramatically and estimate the SVF map for the city of Philadelphia in less than 20 minutes on a personal computer with one NVIDIA GPU. The ray tracing-based algorithm has a much more efficiency increase than the shadow casting-based algorithm on GPU. The proposed method makes it possible to generate large-scale continuous SVF maps using regular personal computers with GPU. The proposed GPU-accelerated SVF estimation methods would benefit urban climate studies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Steger ◽  
Christoph Schär

<p>In mountainous regions, atmospheric and surface conditions (like snow coverage) are strongly modulated by complex terrain. One relevant process is the topographic effect on incoming/outgoing surface short- and longwave radiation by surrounding terrain. Radiation in weather and climate models is typically represented by the two-stream approximation, which only allows for vertical radiation exchange and thus no lateral interaction with terrain. In reality, surface radiation can be modulated through various processes: the direct-beam part of the incoming shortwave radiation depends on local surface inclination and on shading from the neighbouring terrain. Incoming diffuse shortwave radiation is modified by partial sky-obstruction and terrain reflection. Outgoing longwave radiation is reduced by interception from neighbouring terrain.</p><p>In this study, we develop a parameterisation which considers the above-mentioned processes on a sub-grid scale, and implement the scheme in the Regional Climate Model COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling). On the grid scale, such a parameterisation is already available and has been applied in the numerical weather prediction mode of COSMO. Applying this parameterisation in the climate mode of COSMO has revealed that biases like the over-/underestimation of snow cover duration at south-/north-facing slopes can be improved. However, the associated radiation correction appears to be too weak because only terrain effects on the resolved scales are considered. We therefore parameterise these effects on a sub-grid scale.</p><p>The (current) surface radiation correction scheme requires consideration of topographic parameters like the elevation of the horizon and the sky-view factor. The computation of these parameters on the sub-grid scale is very expensive, because non-local information of a large high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) needs to be processed. We developed a new algorithm, which allows for horizon computations from a high-resolution DEM in a fast and flexible way. We furthermore found that existing sky-view factor algorithms might yield inaccurate results for locations with very steep terrain and subsequently developed an improved method. Output of these new algorithms will be used for the new sub-grid radiation parameterisation scheme.</p>


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