scholarly journals Differences Between Healthy and Ganoderma boninense Infected Oil Palm Seedlings Using Spectral Reflectance of Young Leaf Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
Aiman N.N. Azmi ◽  
Siti K. Bejo ◽  
Mahirah Jahari ◽  
Farrah M. Muharam ◽  
Ian Yule
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Noise Removal ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Spectral Signatures

Ganoderma boninense (G.boninense) is the causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) which significantly reduced the productivity of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. At early stage, the disease did not show any physical symptoms that could be seen with naked eyes resulted in detection difficulties. To date, there was no effective detection for this disease, and conventional methods such as manual and laboratory-based required trained specialists as well as time-consuming. Therefore, this study was conducted using hyperspectral remote sensing to investigate the differences in spectral reflectance of young leaf (frond one (F1) of healthy and G. boninense infected oil palm seedlings. The seedlings were inoculated with G. boninense pathogen at five months old. At five months after inoculation, 558 spectral signatures of F1 were extracted from acquired hyperspectral images. Noise removal was done to the extracted spectral signatures to remove outliers in the data. Then, the spectral signatures were averaged and plotted to observe the differences. Differences in reflectance of healthy and G. boninense infected seedlings were seen evidently in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Thus, this study showed evidence that F1 spectral reflectance has the ability to detect early stage of G. boninense infection at oil palm seedlings.

scholarly journals mRNA Expression of EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 in Oil Palm Leaves (Elaeis guineesisJacq.) after Treatment withGanoderma boninensePat. andTrichoderma harzianumRifai

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Naher ◽  
Soon Guan Tan ◽  
Chai Ling Ho ◽  
Umi Kalsom Yusuf ◽  
Siti Hazar Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Early Disease Detection ◽  
Serious Disease

Background. Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by the fungusGanoderma boninenseis the most serious disease affecting the oil palm; this is because the disease escapes the early disease detection. The biocontrol agentTrichoderma harzianumcan protect the disease only at the early stage of the disease. In the present study, the expression levels of three oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.) chitinases encoding EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 at 2, 5, and 8 weeks inoculation were measured in oil palm leaves from plants treated withG. boninenseorT. harzianumalone or both.Methods. The five-month-old oil palm seedlings were treated with Gano-wood blocks inoculum and trichomulch. Expression of EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 in treated leaves tissue was determined by real-time PCR.Results. Oil palm chitinases were not strongly expressed in oil palm leaves of plants treated withG. boninensealone compared to other treatments. Throughout the 8-week experiment, expression of EgCHI1 increased more than 3-fold in leaves of plants treated withT. harzianumandG. boninensewhen compared to those of control and other treated plants.Conclusion. The data illustrated that chitinase cDNA expression varied depending on tissue and the type of treatment.

scholarly journals Detection of Oil Palm Root Penetration by Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformed Ganoderma boninense, Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Govender ◽  
Mui-Yun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Agrobacterium Strain ◽  
Green Fluorescent

A highly efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for Ganoderma boninense was developed to facilitate observation of the early stage infection of basal stem rot (BSR). The method was proven amenable to different explants (basidiospore, protoplast, and mycelium) of G. boninense. The transformation efficiency was highest (62%) under a treatment combination of protoplast explant and Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, with successful expression of an hyg marker gene and gus-gfp fusion gene under the control of heterologous p416 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Optimal transformation conditions included a 1:100 Agrobacterium/explant ratio, induction of Agrobacterium virulence genes in the presence of 250 μm acetosyringone, co-cultivation at 22°C for 2 days on nitrocellulose membrane overlaid on an induction medium, and regeneration of transformants on potato glucose agar prepared with 0.6 M sucrose and 20 mM phosphate buffer. Evaluated transformants were able to infect root tissues of oil palm plantlets with needle-like microhyphae during the penetration event. The availability of this model pathogen system for BSR may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenicity factors associated with G. boninense penetration into oil palm roots.

scholarly journals The Effectivity of Bacteria Isolated From of Liquid Waste Palm Oil Plantation on Ganoderma Boninense

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fitratul Aini
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Nutrient Agar Medium

Ganoderma boninense is one of the main pathogenic fungus in oil palm plantations. Generally, these pathogen cause root rot (basal stem rot). Biological control that has been widely used reduce the infection is using bacteria. Liquid waste palm oil has potential to produce bacteria that is able to degrade Ganoderma boninense that causes root rot in oil palm. Liquid waste were obtained from Muaro Sabak Regency Jambi Province. Bacteri were isolated and cultivated in nutrient agar medium, characterized and identified for antagonistic test against G. boninense. Results showed that 16 bacterial isolates were identified, among of them are able to inhibit Ganoderma boninense.

scholarly journals RNA-seq data of Ganoderma boninense at axenic culture condition and under in planta pathogen-oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mui Yun Wong ◽  
Nisha T. Govender ◽  
Chia Sui Ong
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Rot Disease

Abstract Objective Basal stem rot disease causes severe economic losses to oil palm production in South-east Asia and little is known on the pathogenicity of the pathogen, the basidiomyceteous Ganoderma boninense. Our data presented here aims to identify both the house-keeping and pathogenicity genes of G. boninense using Illumina sequencing reads. Description The hemibiotroph G. boninense establishes via root contact during early stage of colonization and subsequently kills the host tissue as the disease progresses. Information on the pathogenicity factors/genes that causes BSR remain poorly understood. In addition, the molecular expressions corresponding to G. boninense growth and pathogenicity are not reported. Here, six transcriptome datasets of G. boninense from two contrasting conditions (three biological replicates per condition) are presented. The first datasets, collected from a 7-day-old axenic condition provide an insight onto genes responsible for sustenance, growth and development of G. boninense while datasets of the infecting G. boninense collected from oil palm-G. boninense pathosystem (in planta condition) at 1 month post-inoculation offer a comprehensive avenue to understand G. boninense pathogenesis and infection especially in regard to molecular mechanisms and pathways. Raw sequences deposited in Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are available at NCBI SRA portal with PRJNA514399, bioproject ID.

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