CHAPTER 2: History of Women in Science 5

Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Jami

Abstract In recent decades research in the social sciences, including in the history of science, has shown that women scientists continue to be depicted as exceptions to the rule that a normal scientist is a man. The underlying message is that being an outstanding scientist is incompatible with being an ordinary woman. From women scientists’ reported experiences, we learn that family responsibilities as well as sexism in their working environment are two major hindrances to their careers. This experience is now backed by statistical analysis, so that what used to be regarded as an individual problem for each woman of science can now be identified as a multi-layered social phenomenon, to be analysed and remedied as such. Over the last five years, international scientific unions have come together to address these issues, first through the Gender Gap in Science Project, and recently through the setting up of a Standing Committee for Gender Equality in Science (SCGES) whose task is to foster measures to reduce the barriers that women scientists have to surmount in their working lives.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Lucas Peres Guimarães ◽  
Denise Leal de Castro

O trabalho aqui desenvolvido tem como objetivo investigar as ideias dos alunos a respeito de cientistas e como relacionam a mulher com a ciência. A História da Química no Ensino foi destacada a partir do episódio histórico referente à cientista Lise Meitner e toda sua trajetória envolvendo a fissão nuclear. A investigação foi feita com uma turma de primeiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola particular do município de Barra Mansa (RJ). Concluímos que as alunas e os alunos investigados tinham uma visão distorcida dos cientistas, com ideia de uma ciência masculinizada. Mas a problematização do episódio histórico de Lise Meitner e a descoberta da fissão nuclear proporcionaram uma reflexão inicial dos estereótipos apresentados pelos estudantes.


Author(s):  
Jeannette Brown

Many historians have written about the history of African Americans in science, but most of the articles focus only on the men and very little is written about the women. It would take additional research to find information pertaining only to the women. However, since both men and women lived through the same era, much of what affected the men also affected the women. The background information about black women chemists could probably fit into another book or at least a paper, but that was not within the scope of this book. Dr. Wini Warren, author of Black Women Scientists in the United States, did some extensive research on the background history of black women in science, which she planned to put into a future book; due to health problems it was never written. However, the Introduction to Dr. Warren’s book is well worth reading for some of the background history of the women. The endnotes in that chapter provide an extensive bibliography about the history of blacks in science. In addition, Dr. Warren includes an extensive discussion about the background history of black women scientists in the introduction of her thesis, “Hearts and Minds: Black Women Scientists in the United States 1900–1960.” Sisters in Science by Diann Jordan features author interviews of black women scientists, some of whom are chemists. The Introduction of her book, discusses the background history. Dr. Jordan also includes a history of black colleges in the section “The Role of the Black College in Educating African American Scientists.” Since many of the women in this book had their first college education in a black college, it is worth reading. Information about several of the African American women chemists in this book can be found in Contributions of Black Women to America, Volume 2. The Introduction and Chapter 1 in the “Science” section give some background information about the history of women in science.


Math Horizons ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Meredith Clement ◽  
Jeremy Lea ◽  
Lisa Pham ◽  
Brandon Smith ◽  
Devin Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Letícia Do Prado

 ResumoDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin formou-se em química pela Somerville Oxford, doutorou-se em Cambridge e liderou o grupo de pesquisa que decifrou a estrutura molecular de várias moléculas biológicas complexas como: a penicilina, a vitamina B12 e a insulina. Seu nome não foi tão ovacionado quanto o de outros ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel já que seu método de trabalho, a cristalografia de raio X para a análise de moléculas complexas era ainda pioneiro e pouco disseminado entre os laboratórios da época. Foi a busca de soluções exatas para problemas difíceis que motivaram Dorothy a superar tempos de guerra, contratempos experimentais, demandas do casamento, da maternidade e a dor física persistente, para se tornar uma das maiores cientistas do século. Neste trabalho apresentaremos brevemente a vida de Dorothy, sua infância distante dos pais e rica em experiências culturais, sua juventude, as dificuldades que precederam sua entrada na Universidade e sua vida como pesquisadora, e mais especificamente, falaremos sobre sua colaboração para a solução da estrutura molecular da penicilina no cenário da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Nosso objetivo é apresentar ao leitor o trabalho de Dorothy ancorados em suas  publicações originais e suas biografias, de maneira a contribuir com a disseminação da história das mulheres na ciência. Palavras-chave: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin; Penicilina; Mulheres na Ciência.AbstractDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin graduated in chemistry from Somerville Oxford, doctorate from Cambridge and led the research group that deciphered the molecular structure of several complex biological molecules such as penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin. Her name was not as ovation as that of other Nobel Prize winners since their method of working, X-ray crystallography for the analysis of complex molecules was still pioneering and little disseminated among laboratories of the time. It was the search for exact solutions to difficult problems that motivated Dorothy to overcome wartime, experimental setbacks, marriage demands, maternity, and persistent physical pain to become one of the greatest scientists of the century. In this work we will briefly present the life of Dorothy, her childhood far from her parents and rich in cultural experiences, her youth and the difficulties that preceded her entrance into the University and her life as a researcher, and more specifically, we will talk about her collaboration for the solution of molecular structure of penicillin in the scene of World War II. Our goal is to present the Doroty works, anchored in her original published and her biographies in order to contribute with the dissemination of history of women in science.Keywords: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin; Penicillin; Women in Science.


2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti W. Hunter

ArgumentGertrude Cox, first chair of North Carolina State University's Department of Experimental Statistics, worked as a consultant for the Ford Foundation to Cairo University's Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches in 1964. An analysis of this work provides a case study in the internationalization of the statistics profession, the systems of patronage available to scientists in the second half of the twentieth century, and the history of women in science. It highlights some of the complexities in the process of internationalization in science, showing that even when scientists cross national boundaries to promote their discipline, they may have as a goal the advancement of their own nationalistic interests, or those of their patrons. In documenting Cox's commitment to serving her professional community, this case study will show that some particularly feminine qualities of Cox's approach to her work enabled her to accomplish what her male colleagues tried unsuccessfully to do.


Author(s):  
Victor Gomes Lima Ferraz ◽  
Fernanda Luiza De Faria ◽  
Flávia Ribas De Brito ◽  
Ingrid Nunes Derossi ◽  
Maria Helena Zambelli ◽  
...  

ResumoEste artigo aborda a utilização de um jogo virtual como recurso didático e as possibilidades de aplicação para o professor. Desse modo, apresentamos a narrativa central do jogo e alguns aspectos que permitem a discussão sobre a visão da ciência e do cientista, o papel da mulher na ciência, dentre outros. No jogo, o jogador é inserido no século XVIII, durante a Revolução Francesa, e é apresentado a Antoine Laurent Lavoisier e sua esposa. Ao longo da história o jogador é convidado a enfrentar alguns desafios que trabalham conceitos sobre a Lei da Conservação da Massa. A partir dessa discussão apresentamos alguns resultados da aplicação do jogo, onde observamos que os alunos conseguiram executar as atividades propostas sem dificuldades. Futuramente pretendemos disponibilizar o jogo para professores utilizarem esse recurso com seus alunos. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; Ensino de Ciência.AbstractThis paper discusses the use of a virtual game as didactic resource and the possibilities of application for the teacher. In this way we present the central narrative of the game and some aspects that allow the discussion about the vision of science and the scientist, the role of women in science, among others. In the game, the player is inserted in the eighteenth century during the French Revolution, and is introduced to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier and his wife. Throughout history the player is invited to face some challenges that discusses some concepts on the law of conservation of mass. From this discussion we present some results of the application of the game, where we observed that the students were able to execute the proposed activities without difficulties. In the future we intend to make the game available for teachers to use this resource with their students.Keywords: History of Science; Teaching Science.


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