scholarly journals Seedling response to environmental variability: The relationship between phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary history in closely related Eucalyptus species

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Rutherford ◽  
Stephen P. Bonser ◽  
Peter G. Wilson ◽  
Maurizio Rossetto
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Ecological Changes, Social Behaviour and Human Intergroup Tolerance 300,000 to 30,000 BP

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Spikins ◽  
Jennifer C. French ◽  
Seren John-Wood ◽  
Calvin Dytham
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Behaviours

AbstractArchaeological evidence suggests that important shifts were taking place in the character of human social behaviours 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. New artefact types appear and are disseminated with greater frequency. Transfers of both raw materials and finished artefacts take place over increasing distances, implying larger scales of regional mobility and more frequent and friendlier interactions between different communities. Whilst these changes occur during a period of increasing environmental variability, the relationship between ecological changes and transformations in social behaviours is elusive. Here, we explore a possible theoretical approach and methodology for understanding how ecological contexts can influence selection pressures acting on intergroup social behaviours. We focus on the relative advantages and disadvantages of intergroup tolerance in different ecological contexts using agent-based modelling (ABM). We assess the relative costs and benefits of different ‘tolerance’ levels in between-group interactions on survival and resource exploitation in different environments. The results enable us to infer a potential relationship between ecological changes and proposed changes in between-group behavioural dynamics. We conclude that increasingly harsh environments may have driven changes in hormonal and emotional responses in humans leading to increasing intergroup tolerance, i.e. transformations in social behaviour associated with ‘self-domestication’. We argue that changes in intergroup tolerance is a more parsimonious explanation for the emergence of what has been seen as ‘modern human behaviour’ than changes in hard aspects of cognition or other factors such as cognitive adaptability or population size.

scholarly journals Monitoring studies should consider temporal variability to reveal relations between cyanobacterial abundance and environmental variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1717-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIANA WOJCIECHOWSKI ◽  
ANDRÉ A. PADIAL
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Cyanobacteria Blooms ◽  
Environment Variables ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
The Relationship

One of the main goals of monitoring cyanobacteria blooms in aquatic environments is to reveal the relationship between cyanobacterial abundance and environmental variables. Studies typically correlate data that were simultaneously sampled. However, samplings occur sparsely over time and may not reveal the short-term responses of cyanobacterial abundance to environmental changes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that stronger cyanobacteria x environment relationships in monitoring are found when the temporal variability of sampling points is incorporated in the statistical analyses. To this end, we investigated relationships between cyanobacteria and seven environmental variables that were sampled twice yearly for three years across 11 reservoirs, and data from an intensive monitoring in one of these reservoirs. Poor correlations were obtained when correlating data simultaneously sampled. In fact, the 'highly recurrent' role of phosphorus in cyanobacteria blooms is not properly observed in all sampling periods. On the other hand, the strongest correlation values for the total phosphorus x cyanobacteria relationship were observed when we used the variation of sampling points. We have also shown that environment variables better explain cyanobacteria when a time lag is considered. We conclude that, in cyanobacteria monitoring, the best approach to reveal determinants of cyanobacteria blooms is to consider environmental variability.

The evolutionary history of the goby Elacatinus puncticulatus in the tropical eastern pacific: Effects of habitat discontinuities and local environmental variability

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Sandoval-Huerta ◽  
R.G. Beltrán-López ◽  
C.R. Pedraza-Marrón ◽  
M.A. Paz-Velásquez ◽  
A. Angulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Tropical Eastern Pacific ◽  
History Of

Eucalyptus Physiology. III. Frost Resistance.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Paton
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Electron Transport Properties ◽  
Active Electron ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of different hardening regimes were studied in E. viminalis by varying temperature, light conditions and photoperiod. The role of root temperature in dehardening was investigated in E. grandis. The relationship between leaf glaucousness and frost resistance was reexamined in E. urnigera and in crosses between the glaucous frost-resistant species E. pulverulenta and the green. less-resistant species E. grandis. These studies involved seedlings but adult material was also used when checking the association between frost resistance and G, the growth regulator in E. grandis. Provided that night temperatures were close to freezing, rapid hardening was independent of photoperiod, light source and day/night temperature differentials. No significant relationship between level of frost resistance and intensity of leaf glaucousness was observed in a segregating progeny of E. urnigera. In F2 and backcross progenies between E. pulverulenta and E. grandis, no evidence was obtained for either physiological or genetical links between glaucousness and frost resistance. As in several other Eucalyptus species, low root temperatures delayed rapid dehardening in E. grandis. Increased frost resistance towards the top of E. grandis seedlings was associated with marked ontogenetic increases in G content. The G content of a 2 m sapling was highest in winter when maximum frost resistance had developed. This and other supporting evidence suggests that G has a role in the frost resistance of E. Grandis perhaps by affecting active electron transport properties of membranes. No information of this kind is available for other Eucalyptus species.

Species-specific patterns of the use of burrows of Upogebia Leach, 1814 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Upogebiidae) by the symbiotic alpheid shrimps Stenalpheops anacanthus Miya, 1997 and Athanas japonicus Kubo, 1936 (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) as revealed by laboratory quantification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Henmi ◽  
Gyo Itani
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Burrow Use ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract Many alpheid shrimps live symbiotically on the body surface or inside the bodies of other invertebrates, while others use burrows made by other animals. The burrow symbiosis of alpheid shrimps is poorly studied in the context of ecology, probably because the cryptic infaunal nature of the relationship is hard to observe. The limited knowledge of the pattern of burrow use by alpheid shrimps leaves a gap in our understanding of their evolutionary history. We described and compared the behavior of Stenalpheops anacanthus  Miya, 1997 and Athanas japonicus  Kubo, 1936, two alpheid species living symbiotically in the burrows of the same host, Upogebia yokoyai  Makarov, 1938. We found that both alpheid species used U. yokoyai burrows in aquaria, but their burrow use patterns were quite different. The average time taken for S. anacanthus to enter the burrow for the first time was much shorter (1 min) than that of A. japonicus (13 min). Subsequently, S. anacanthus made longer use of the burrow (80% of the observation period) than A. japonicus (49%). The tail-first exit frequency, which may indicate a sudden expulsion from the burrow by the host, was more frequent in A. japonicus (25%) than in S. anacanthus (7%). Such differences could be attributed to the nature of the symbiotic relationship, obligate in S. anacanthus but facultative in A. japonicus. Because of the diversity of symbiotic lifestyles, there is considerable potential to study the ecology and evolutionary biology of burrow-symbiotic alpheids further.

scholarly journals Polyploidy and Speciation in Pteris (Pteridaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Shan Chao ◽  
Ho-Yih Liu ◽  
Yu-Chung Chiang ◽  
Wen-Liang Chiou
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Evolutionary History

The highest frequency of polyploidy among plants is considered to occur in the Pteridophytes. In this study, we focused on polyploidy displayed by a specific fern taxon, the genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae), comprising over 250 species. Cytological data from 106 Pteris species were reviewed. The base number of chromosomes in Pteris is 29. Polyploids are frequently found in Pteris, including triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. In addition, an aneuploid species, P. deltodon Bak., has been recorded. Furthermore, the relationship between polyploidy and reproductive biology is reviewed. Among these 106 Pteris species, 60% exhibit polyploidy: 22% show intraspecific polyploidy and 38% result from polyploid speciation. Apogamous species are common in Pteris. Diploids are the most frequent among Pteris species, and they can be sexual or apogamous. Triploids are apogamous; tetraploids are sexual or apogamous. Most Pteris species have one to two ploidy levels. The diverse ploidy levels suggest that these species have a complex evolutionary history and their taxonomic problems require further clarification.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Rattle Calls in Corvus and Nucifraga: The Effect of Body Size, Bill Size, and Phylogeny

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Laiolo ◽  
Antonio Rolando
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Frequency Peak ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Bill Length ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Study Species

Abstract We assessed the effect of body size and bill length on the acoustic properties of the rattle calls of 15 corvid species. First, we correlated body traits and the acoustic properties of rattles, regardless of the evolutionary history of the study species. Then we repeated the analysis, taking into account phylogeny and thus excluding its effect on morphological and acoustic characters. When the potential effects of phylogeny were ruled out, the second frequency peak was negatively correlated to body size. The carrying frequency also decreased with decreasing body size, but the relationship was weaker than that resulting from a phylogeny-free analysis. This pattern is consistent with the demonstrated body-size–frequency allometry in the vocalizations of many birds. Bill length also influenced rattle spectral properties. We emphasize that patterns and processes elucidated with comparative studies can be biased if species relatedness is not considered. Análisis Comparativo de las Llamadas de Matraqueo entre Corvus y Nucifraga: Efecto del Tamaño Corporal, Tamaño del Pico y Filogenia Resumen. Evaluamos el efecto del tamaño corporal y la longitud del pico sobre las propiedades acústicas de los llamados de matraqueo de 15 especies de córvidos. Primero, correlacionamos los caracteres corporales con las propiedades acústicas del matraqueo independientemente de la historia evolutiva de las especies estudiadas. Luego, repetimos el análisis tomando en cuenta la filogenia, excluyendo su efecto sobre los caracteres morfológicos y acústicos. Cuando los potenciales efectos filogenéticos fueron removidos, el segundo pico en la frecuencia se correlacionó negativamente con el tamaño corporal. La frecuencia principal también decreció con la disminución del tamaño corporal, pero esta relación fue más débil que la resultante de un análisis sin considerar la filogenia. Este patrón es consistente con la alometría entre el tamaño corporal y la frecuencia de las vocalizaciones de muchas aves. La longitud del pico también influyó sobre las propiedades espectrales del matraqueo. Enfatizamos que los patrones y procesos elucidados a través de estudios comparativos pueden encontrarse sesgados si no se consideran las relaciones entre las especies.

scholarly journals Transposons, Genome Size, and Evolutionary Insights in Animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Canapa ◽  
Marco Barucca ◽  
Maria A. Biscotti ◽  
Mariko Forconi ◽  
Ettore Olmo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between genome size and the percentage of transposons in 161 animal species evidenced that variations in genome size are linked to the amplification or the contraction of transposable elements. The activity of transposable elements could represent a response to environmental stressors. Indeed, although with different trends in protostomes and deuterostomes, comprehensive changes in genome size were recorded in concomitance with particular periods of evolutionary history or adaptations to specific environments. During evolution, genome size and the presence of transposable elements have influenced structural and functional parameters of genomes and cells. Changes of these parameters have had an impact on morphological and functional characteristics of the organism on which natural selection directly acts. Therefore, the current situation represents a balance between insertion and amplification of transposons and the mechanisms responsible for their deletion or for decreasing their activity. Among the latter, methylation and the silencing action of small RNAs likely represent the most frequent mechanisms.

HOW SIMILAR ARE SISTERS? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORPHOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Sclafani ◽  
◽  
Curtis R. Congreve ◽  
Andrew Z. Krug ◽  
Mark E. Patzkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Relationship
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