scholarly journals NAMES AND BARROWS OF THE ARCHAIC PERIOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
T. M. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with the issues of Scythian archaeology related to the attribution of archaic burials and the definition of the names of historical characters for which they could be built. According to the author of excavation, the Scythian king Madyes, son of Protothyes, was buried in the barrow 1 of the Krasnoznamensky burial ground. Contrary to this conclusion it is assumed that the leader of the Cimmerians, Lygdamis, was buried in the barrow. Such a comparison is based on the date of the assemblage of the barrow (mid — third quarter of the 7th century BC) which does not contradict the time of the death of Lygdamis (641 BC). The written evidence connects the Cimmerians to the mountainous areas and the localization of the country of Gamir (Cimmeria) in the Guriania region, which separated Gamir from Urartu, most closely corresponds to the Caucasus region. The nomadic lifestyle of the Cimmerians in the narrative sources is not confirmed. The study has shown that the Kelermes burial ground as well as the «Litoy» (Melgunovsky) and «Repyakhovata Mogila» barrows can be correlated with the time of King Madyes (son of Protothyes / Bartatua) and his army returning to the North Black Sea region (after 585 BC). Age of Madyes who came to the Middle East in 608 BC (during the invasion of Media he could be about 40—45 years old) and having been in this region for more than two decades suggests that he did not return to the North Pontic region. This is indirectly confirmed by the data on the feast of Cyaxares where the leader of the Scythians is not mentioned. Therefore, the tomb of Madyes can be hypothetically linked only with the cenotaph of the Melgunovsky barrow.

scholarly journals Mantle earthquakes in the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
V. Burmin ◽  
O. Kendzera ◽  
L. Shumlianska ◽  
T. Amashukeli
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Deep Earthquakes ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Mantle Earthquakes

The question of the existence of foci of deep earthquakes in the region of the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus is extremely important from the point of view of the geodynamics of the region. Previously it was thought that only crustal earthquakes could occur in this region. Recently, results have been obtained that show that earthquakes with depths of at least 300 km occur in this region. The article discusses the question of how plausible these results are and why they were not obtained earlier. Seven specific examples of the ambiguous determination of the depth of earthquake hypocenters in the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus region are considered. These examples clearly show that determining the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters using algorithms based on the Geiger method does not allow one to uniquely determine the depth of the hypocenters. The article gives an idea of the authors about the origin of mantle earthquakes in the Caucasian and Crimean-Black Sea regions. For the Caucasus region, mantle earthquakes are associated with two reasons: submersion of the lithospheric layer; in the asthenospheric layer, represented in the seismotomographic sections by a low-velocity anomaly, the nature of earthquake foci is associated with fluids formed during phase transition reactions. In the Crimean-Black Sea region, earthquake foci are located in the lithosphere layer, and the sliding of the lithosphere along the less viscous underlying layer of the upper mantle causes tectonic movements in the lithosphere accompanied by earthquakes. In addition, to determine the coordinates of the hypocenters of the Crimean and Caucasian earthquakes during routine processing, hodographs were used for depths not exceeding 35 km for the Crimea and 50 km for the Caucasus and 150 for the North Caucasus. This circumstance is the main reason why deep earthquakes could not be detected.

scholarly journals Две находки архаических костяных накладок на ножны из Северного Причерноморья

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. Бутягин ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Bone Plates ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
A Site ◽  
Excavation Site

The paper deals with the finds of bone plates for scabbard mouth found in 2015 in the North Black Sea Region. Two bone plates for the same scabbard were found in Myrmekion in a layer of the first quarter of the 5th century BC. An onlay from an excavation site at the Berezan Island is dated to the second half of the 6th century BC. The scabbards decorated with these plates were made for the sword of makhaira (kopis) type. These finds support the idea that the abundance of this type of swords in the North Black Sea Region had existed from the Archaic period. A finding of a sword of the Greek type in a layer of a site at the Bosporus proves that Greek colonists continued to use a Greek set of weapons which disproves an opinion about the widespread adoption of the barbarian offensive weapons set.

scholarly journals Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Thomas Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North

AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.

Current Status of Anserinae Wintering in Azov-Black Sea Region of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-312
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Andryushchenko ◽  
V. S. Gavrilenko ◽  
V. A. Kostiushyn ◽  
V. N. Kucherenko ◽  
A. S. Mezinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Anser Anser ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Chen Caerulescens ◽  
Branta Bernicla ◽  
The North ◽  
Different Seasons

Abstract In the article is analyzed own field data of the authors and scientific publications on the wintering of Anserinae in the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine in 1900–2017, but the main data was obtained in frame of international mid-winter counts (IWC) in 2005–2017. It was found that 9 species of Anserinae occur in this region during the different seasons of the year: Anser anser — nesting, wintering and migrating; Rufibrenta ruficollis, A. albifrons, A. erythropus, A. fabalis — migrating and wintering; Branta canadensis, Branta leucopsis, Branta bernicla, Chen caerulescens — vagrant or birds which flew away from captivity (zoo etc.). Eulabeia indica — is possible vagrant species. The most numerous wintering species is A. albifrons, common — Rufibrenta ruficollis, not numerous — Anser anser, the other species are not met annually and registered in a very small number. There was almost tenfold drop in number of wintering geese in the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine during the period of counts. The main reasons of such reducing of geese amount are the followwing: weather and climate conditions, changes in the forage acessibility, hunting and poaching pressure, poisoning as a result of deratization of agricultural lands, and from 2014 — the militarization of the Syvash area and stop of water supplying of Crimea through the North Crimean channell. It is likely that the factors mentioned above led to relocating of wintering areas of Anserinae, and resulted in decreasing of their amount in this region.

Christian mission in Northern Black Sea region and its geopolitical significance

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
P. Kusenkov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Pax Romana ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
Greek Colonization ◽  
Cultural Expansion

The spread of Christianity in the Northern Black Sea Region was a continuation of the vector of cultural expansion into this region, outlined in Antiquity and opposing the region’s stable geopolitical ties in the latitudinal direction, with the steppe world of the nomads of Eurasia. The stages of this process were: the Great Greek colonization on Pontus Euxinus; the spread of Pax Romana to the territory of Crimea; the Christianization of the region and the strengthening of Byzantium in the Northern Black Sea Region through an alliance with the Khazaria and the creation of the Klimata-Cherson thema; finally, the emergence of Italian trading posts and the emergence of Genoese Gazaria. The success of the Christian mission of Byzantium would not have been possible without the oncoming movement from the north, which determined the reception of the Byzantine civilization by Rus’-Russia and predefined the geopolitical contours of the modern world. In the opposite direction there was an advance to the south of Rus’ and the formation of the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, sea voyages of the Rus’ princes to Constantinople, the capture of Korsun’Cherson by Vladimir the Saint and the baptism of Rus’, the inclusion of Russia in the system of the Byzantine church administration. At the new historical stage, after the fall of Byzantium, the role of the Christian Orthodox empire passed to Russia, and the processes of intercivilizational interaction in the region changed their vector. But even in the new conditions, the meridional dimension remains incomparably more important than the latitudinal dimension: a fact that determines the future geopolitical perspective.

scholarly journals Changes in ethnic structure in the Caucasus region since the end of the 1980’s: primary statistical analysis

Geografie ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Libor Jelen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Political Units

The article deals with changes in ethnic structure in 13 political units of the North and the South Caucasus resulting from societal processes going on after the last 1989 Soviet census and illustrated by the outcome of censuses held in 1999–2005. The study deals with changes in population share of titular groups, Russians and other ethnic groups, with changing urbanization level and general regional population growth. It also makes an assessment of substantial changes in the ethnic structure in selected territories in connection with political and economical factors influencing the post-1989 development of the region and its ethno-territorial entities.

scholarly journals Barrow 11 of the “Garden” Group in the Lower Dniester Region and Contemporary “Mythmaking” About Scythian “Amazons”

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-101
Author(s):  
Vitalij Sinika ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Sergey Razumov ◽  
Nikolaj Telnov ◽  
Sylwia Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Women Warriors ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Stone Slab

The article publishes and analyzes materials obtained during the study of the Scythian barrow 11 of the “Garden” group excavated in 2018 near village Glinoe, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester, for the first time.The barrow was surrounded by a circular ditch and contained four burials – one infant and three female. The tools from the barrow are represented by knives, spindle-whorls, needle. The only piece of tableware was found and it was a wooden bowl. The adornments (a pair of earrings, two bead necklaces, one bead bracelet, two “elbow bracelets”) were also discovered. Earrings with conical bulges on one of the endings testify to the Thracian influence on the material culture of the Scythians of the North-West Black Sea region. All female graves contained mirrors. Two of them are identical, and both were laid under the body of the buried. One of the mirrors has handle aforethoughtly broken in antiquity. The cult objects are a pendant made of a dog’s tooth and a stone slab, the arrowheads are the only weapons. The barrow dates back to the second half (preferably the third quarter) of the 4th century BC. Finding a quiver set in the grave 4 of barrow 11 of Glinoe/”Garden” group made the authors to analyze the burials of the so-called Scythian “amazons” of the North Black Sea region. It turned out that many of them were attributed with flagrant violations of scientific methods as burials of women-warriors, which is nothing more than modern “myth-making”. As a result, the authors claim that an open-minded analysis allows us to distinguish three groups of Scythian burials with weapons: 1) containing weapons, placement of which reflects certain “ethnographic” features of the rite or the special status of buried; 2) containing arrowheads that may indicate hunting; 3) the burials of warriors with diverse and numerous weapons.

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